The part we can perceive? That is called the observable universe, which is entailed by "c " and the time that the EMR has had to reach us within the known age of the universe and the expansion rate.
That's nice....as a lay person myself, I re-enforce my knowledge by reading reputable books, then through forums such as this, if there is something I don't understand, I ask questions. The general picture of the evolution of space/time/universe is a model that to me anyway, makes a lot of sense. Prior to t+10-45 seconds, where the BB and laws of physics does fail us, I also have my own hand waving ideas...I speculate that the BB is actualy the arse end of a BH, which we call a White Hole.
but you also said,
Science creates models that match observational data and tells us what is happening. The why it is happening is another aspect. There is a great little video [only 7 minutes long] that explains what I mean by Richard Feynman. I have linked to it many times, but I also believe it is informative and tells us the role of science....https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1lL-hXO27Q
The other point I would make is like you, I am relatively mathematically ignorant, and maths being the language of physics, leaves people like you and me, behind the eight ball somewhat.
I hope you take the 7.5 minutes to watch the video...quite impressive by an impressive scientist.
In conclusion I would just remind you that while GR is our most accurate model of gravity, it does not [as some people often say] determine that Newtonian gravity is wrong. Newtonian gravity is simply a less accurate model, but accurate enough for us to use every day on Earth, and accurate enough to be the model used in most space endeavours. We could if we wanted to use the more accurate GR, but it does entail much more mathematical equations, to give us the same answer, [but with more accurate results] and is not really needed.
Join the club!! I'm an old bastard, but still hope I'm around to eventually see boots on Mars....at least!!😉