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https://pediaa.com/difference-between-mold-and-fungus/ " Mold and fungus are two types of organisms that belong to the kingdom Fungi. The main difference between mold and fungus is that mold is a multicellular, filamentous fungi whereas fungus is a unicellular or multicellular organism with a chitin cell wall. Fungi include molds, mushrooms, and yeast. A mushroom refers to a macroscopic fruiting body of basidiomycetes or ascomycetes. Yeast are unicellular fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, containing membrane-bound organelles. Molds produce conidia as their asexual spores. Fungi are typically decomposers that grow on decaying organic matter. They secrete digestive enzymes on the organic matter." something I didn't know either.(it must surely be called "leaf mould" for a reason you'd have thought)

The question is asking you to solve the given differential equation for which the pdf = f(E,t) is a solution. I know less than nothing about python, but since the question asks for computer code, is it asking for a numerical solution ? I note part 1a specifically asks for an analytical integral. It is also worth noting that any solution is likely to be an exponential, since the second derivative is an exponential.

"Principally, it is the action of fungi that break down the leaves. These fungi are quite slow workers, so that is why the two year wait is recommended. Leaf mould does not need worms, activators or anything else." http://www.ipcc.ie/advice/composting-diy/composted-leaves-leaf-mould/ is what I had heard but thanks for the info

Great idea +1. It is worth distinguishing different types of vegetable material. I thought fungi go for the woody parts mostly. Moulds and smaller organisms go for the softer material. Some plants are all soft material, (perhaps roots apart). I was taught to use mustard as 'green manure'. This is planted before the desired crop and dug in green and whole not long before replanting. The practice is coming back into fashion with farmers as a soil conditioner. it prevents leaving bare earth to suffer soid leaching. But many plants have woody parts, stems, branches, spikes, needles etc. Some leaves also have a waxy coating or other thick coating which makes them doubly hard to rot down. It is not only nitrogen that counts. Pine needles create a very acid layer which suppresses most other plants and acidifies the soil when they eventually rot. Pine needle leaf mould is not good to add to most domestic or agricultural soils. Vegetable production especially needs less acidity, which is why we traditionally lime the soil. Yes they can take longer than say carrot tops or grass cuttings, about the same time as straw for instance. However a small amount of nitrogen loss is often not a problem, except to nitrogen greedy plants like rhubarb or asparagus. And the fact that they take longer makes them an ideal weed suppression mulch. Some use straw. Traditionally straw performs this function in strawberry beds as well as keeping the berries off the gorund. Not sure why they would argue with Seth's statement ?

Yes, the rockets do pollute. There is not one consolidated answer to that question in numbers due to the facts that there is no exact data of all the World'd launches and tests performed. As well as there is no exact dedicated measurements in the atmosphere. But there are some useful articles on that: https://www.space.com/rocket-launches-environmental-impact https://everydayastronaut.com/rocket-pollution/

I think you are going to find yourself all alone in your particular definition of sex. I'm not sure anyone else besides you would say my three year old granddaughter and my wife are not female. Not to mention that every birth certificate issued in the entire world, under the category of "sex", will have the entry "Not Applicable".

Yes, very! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar I do remember reading about them, somewhere, sometime, perhaps in Martin Ree's and Mitch Begalman's book, "Gravity's Fatal Attraction" This maybe of interest...... https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05354.pdf Black hole or Gravastar? The GW190521 case: (Dated: August 31, 2021) The existence of cosmological compact objects with very strong gravity is a prediction of General Relativity and an exact solution of the Einstein equations. These objects are called black holes and recently we had the first observations of them. However, the theory of black hole formation has some disadvantages. In order to avoid these, some scientists suggest the existence of gravastars (gravitation vacuum stars), an alternative stellar model which seems to solve the problems of the black hole theory. In this work we compare black holes and gravastars using a wide range of the literature and we emphasize the properties of gravastars, which are consistent with the current cosmological observations. Also, we propose gravastars as the solution of the ”pair-instability” effect and a possible explanation for the observed masses of the compact objects, before the collapse, from the gravitational signal GW190521, since in the formation of a gravastar there aren’t mass restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: Gravastar is a hypothetical stellar compact object alternative to a black hole. Until now, there is no observational way to distinguish a black hole from a gravastar. Thus, a possible observation of a black hole can be a possible gravastar. Recent observations of gravitational wave GW190521 pointed out that the theory of black holes formation is not consistent with observations, since there is a mass gap in their formation. From theoretical view, there is a way to avoid the pair instability effect/mass gap with gravastar formation. The GW190521 event could be an indication for the existence of gravastars, which might avoid the mass gap. This stellar configuration (gravastar) is a promising candidate to complete the puzzle or to replace black holes. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Partly depends on the chemistry of the fuel. Hydrazine is particularly bad as it produces oxides of nitrogen. Here is a NASA video - warning it's over 20 minutes long.

Interesting... Thank you. I wasn't aware of gravastars.

I have perhaps 20 very large trees in my yard, mostly oak and maple. That yields a LOT of leaves each year. I pick them up with the lawnmower and deposit them in the garden, on planting beds, around landscaping, etc. The maple leaves tend to pulverize while the oak leaves just seem to be cut down to size. This year all of my leaves will make it to these locations and I will not have any left over to put on my compost pile. They are an excellent cover to keep down weeds, provide a lot of organic material to the soil, and also provide plenty of nutrients. All for nearly free. Because the leaves have been cut up they don't fly around unless put on a high spot that has nothing growing in it to catch the leaves. By the next year the leaves are all gone and I get to start over with fresh leaves. In past years I have put leaves on the driveway and run over them multiple times with the lawnmower until the were sufficiently broken down. If they didn't think I was nuts I'd probably go collect leaves and pine needles from my neighbors. On a side note, when I want to create a new planting bed I take those cardboard boxes I get from Amazon, break them down and lay them over the spot I want to turn into a planting bed, then cover it all with leaves. By spring my planting bed is ready to go.

! Moderator Note This is blogging, and we're a science discussion forum. Nobody wants to discuss nonsense. Please don't post more like this.

Your posts make my head hurt. They are lik fingernails on a chalk-board. Very annoying.

Some time's, more words explain less... 🤔

I refuse to participate in a discussion where a grown educated man asks another grown educated man the difference between the words „sex” and „category”

Your insincerity is only topped by your attepmts at manipulation. This is true and its something a lot of people in Poland are ashamed of, including me. I wonder what it has to do with this thread though? If I didn’t know you better Stringy, I would think youre making a swing at me trying to make me look homophopic?

Category Sex Glad I could help.

Category, Sex - lets make synonyms of those 2 words and keep on marching the parade. Who cares what words mean anymore.

These are the conclusions he got from reading through this thread, can’t really blame him since people with scientific authority built this view in this thread. The fact that this view is crippled, grotesque and stems from strong political bias is equally scary on a science site which by definition is supposed to be independent and non partisan as it is scary because it so easilly gets to people who seek non biased information from scientific sources. And as a cherry on top, it all happened in the Genetics section.

On what basis do you welcome us? You've only just joined. And who is "we", please?