Leaderboard

I already did, but you chose to reply about something different. Incidentally the first use of light therapy was probably the first stone age man to 'sit in the sun' to get better. The 1903 Nobel for Medicine went to Dr Niels Finsen for attempting to use 'concentrated light' - a special light source - to cure smallpox and TB. However none of these had access to lasers. In the 1960s Mester in Hungary was attempting to cure carcinomas with a forerunner of laser heat therapy. At the same time NASA was investigating the safety of lasers for non medical reasons. Their breakthrough that non-heat type lasers had therapeutical effects was not widely reported until 2001. This was the origination of PMB. PMB does not 'cure' anything it works entirely differently in ways we now understand. A pharmaceutical analog would be the new drugs that have been 'engineered in the last 15 or so years following out greater understanding of human biochemisty, such as ibrutinib. Edit I would like to add a note to those who seem to have the idea that drugs or other treatments have the same effect on anybody and everybody. This is not the case. I don't know of any treatment that works universally. So we cannot say that drug A works but herb B does not, only that drug A works for some people (perhaps a wider range of people) than herb B. Side effects are a good way to demonstrate this. My wife likes kiwi fruit, but they make her lips swell so she can't eat them. I am allergic to penecillin, but it cures many other people of many other conditions. Ibrutinib is only of use to certain genetic types (apparantly) And so on.

Yes 1 litre has a mass of 1kg, right? Which means 1000 grammes. So 1 g of anything dissolved in 1 l must be 1 part in one thousand i.e. 1ppt. So now you can do the first bit, can't you? Next, the molecular weight, or molar mass, is the mass of 1 mole of substance. So in the case of NaCL, if you have 58.44g of it, you have 1 mole. So how many moles, or rather, how much of a mole, would there be in 14.61g? P.S. it is now 22:22 in London and I am going to bed because I've got covid and want to get plenty of sleep (I'm fully vaccinated so it's just a nuisance). If you still need help in the morning I'll have a look after breakfast. I remember my son used to get in a flap with things like this. He could do them perfectly well really, but he used to panic. The thing to do is think calmly about each piece separately, and take it in steps.

OK this really a chemistry problem, rather than a maths problem. There are 3 things here. Let's take the easy one first. What do you think parts per thousand means and how would you set about calculating it? For the second, you need to know the molar mass (in the old days called the "molecular weight") of NaCl. How do you find that out and what is it? And then we can come back to the third.

In the early XIX century, the first real chemists extracted active ingredients from medicinal herbs, determined their chemical formula, and learned how to make them artificially in the laboratory. Later, they learned how these compounds react in the body and how they work to produce a healing effect. This made it possible to search for alternative compounds with similar effects and to design entirely new compounds with more potent effects. Indeed, if you don't know what their chemical compounds are, what their chemical formula is, and how they work in the body, it is controversial to use something that has so many unknowns.. Faith that they work play a large role in healing ("placebo effect"). Compounds from herbs that really work have undergone clinical trials, such as a blind experiment, double-blind experiment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinded_experiment

My persistance is a result of the replies and answers given that have ignored the logic and reasonability in any democratic western society, that does not see a "absolute" denial of all reasons for torture. And I have given a number of those links that detail those same reasons, certainly more eloquently, and just as certainly more convincingly. On my retirement from the thread, you are probably right on that score, as so far any argument against is mostly based on some unworkable personal philsophy, that was shown to be wanting in the justice/punishment thread, and is just as wanting in this thread, imvho of course. But then again, I'm a stubborn old bastard, and will always need any argument about any shift of my views, based on actual and real events, and logic and sensibility. I don't find any philsophical stance, (particularly an unworkable one, as exhibited by a couple here) by itself, doing that. Just to reiterate, My sympathies, and moral code lay with the victims of crime or terrorism, rather then the perpetrators of those crimes and terrorism activities, who have set their own moral code bar at sewer level, and see the correct moral stance in the examples given, to exhaust all means and avenues possible to save those innocent lives, whether 100% certain of guilt (as per the thought experiments) or guilt beyond any reasonable doubt.

I remember when we used to discuss science. Now we discuss the differing definitions of 'chicken' and 'egg'. Personally, I like eggs more than chicken. ( over easy, so I can dip my toast )

Whatever you say... Do you? Or is this another example of probability over possibility?

OK, to show good faith I'll answer again (in the dim hope that you'll do the same); BTW, you not liking my answer, doesn't mean it's not an answer. No, I wouldn't refuse all attempts to extract information and yes I would draw the line at torture, because no matter how small can't be calculated (unless you can provide the numbers). How do you know the sandwhich and cup of tea has failed? (because no matter how small can't be calculated (unless you can provide the numbers).) How does one pretend to be philosophical? Now that I have answered you in good faith, it's your turn (he asks knowing the answer, does that make me insane?)

Some religions and cults sit out every war because they believe it's "evil". But if everybody did that, Hitler would be in charge of half the world by now, and the Japs in charge of the other half..:) Below: food for thought-

What I meant was no reader of Swedish would find the missing marks surprising, because they expect to see them. So they would understand written Swedish with or without the marks; it's like how you can ndrstnd nglsh wtht vwls n t. Or wat. ys. mst frms r fr jrks. Lk xchmst. What a mature question; you must feel so proud of yourself; you don't even have to try, do you? Seriously, you don't have anything better than schoolboy jokes? What a bunch of clowns. Seriously. What a pack of goddam idiots. Patting each other on the back aboout how much you like each others inane posts. Jesus Christ. You can keep this shit. I'm wasting my time with it Eat shit and die, you dumb fucks.