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Killing invading soldiers in time of war is not genocide.

There is no magic temperature at which the bonds suddenly break. At any given temperature, molecules have a statistical range of velocities. When you dissociate a substance by heating, what happens is some of the molecules get enough thermal kinetic energy for the bond holding the atoms together to break. If a dissociated atom later on encounters another dissociated atom then, unless the atoms have between them more energy than the bond energy, they will recombine. So what you have is a dynamic process, in which some molecules are splitting into their constituent atoms, and some atoms are recombining into molecules. This is a chemical equilibrium: N₂ <-> 2N. Whether most of the substance is in the form on the left hand side or the form on the right hand side depends on the bond energy, the entropy of the two states and the conditions (temperature and pressure). As you raise the temperature, the average velocity of the molecules increases. That means that the fraction of them with an energy greater than the bond energy increases. This results in a greater fraction of them being in the dissociated state at any given moment. A strong bond energy favours the left hand side, while a significant entropy of dissociation favours the right hand side, more so at higher temperatures. What I am pointing out is that - because the bond energy in this case is so high - it is not until you reach about 9000C that you will have equal amounts of molecular and atomic nitrogen. In fact, I've now got a more accurate value for the entropy of dissociation, 115J/K-mol, which leads to temperature of more like 8200C for a 50:50 mixture of atomic and molecular nitrogen. (This is in good agreement with @studiot's earlier post in this thread, in which he quoted a textbook saying that at 8000C, there would be 40% dissociation.) By the way, catalysts are irrelevant to this. A catalyst does not change the thermodynamics of a reaction, which is what determines the equilibrium state. It just accelerates the rate at which it gets to equilibrium from an initial set of reactants. In the Haber process, the catalyst accelerates the reaction by avoiding having to dissociate the nitrogen molecule into atoms before reacting with hydrogen. It does this by forming new bonds between nitrogen and the metal surface. The energy of the bound molecules and atoms stays lower, throughout the process, than if they had to be free atoms. As a result, a greater fraction of the molecules have enough energy to react - so it goes faster.

Okay. Fair enough and you have supported your point. The link backs it up. I apologise to both yourself and CY.

1. STM Let us accept an existence of homogenous formation space-time-matter, shortly STM. STM = S + TM = T + SM = M + ST [spacetimematter = space + timematter = time + spacematter = matter + spacetime] M + ST is concerning macroscopic conditions. If - M, + ST matter loses then spacetime profit, it is distance - perspective, objects decrease with distance - ordinary contraction. If + M, - ST matter profit then spacetime loses, it is bringing closer - perspective, objects increase in progress of bringing closer - ordinary dilatation. S + TM is concerning microscopic conditions. If - TM, + S timematter loses then space profit, it leads to waves and fields. If - S, + TM space loses then timematter profit, it leads to particles. 2. Quantum gravity How to build new theory I have shown in my article from March of 2006: "we must understand that modern quantum mechanics (which was started with idea of quantums in 1900 and 1905 year) is in its fundaments, only mechanics of particles and electromagnetism. Two main points of starting of quantum mechanics, solution of problem of thermal radiance, and next solution of photoelectric phenomenon, both refer only to problem of particles of electromagnetic waves. If we are trying to express gravitation correctly we must go out beyond limitations that are accepting at the ground of electromagnetism (which were created old theory of quantums and its descendant, quantum mechanics, in one hand, it was a Planck's constant value, and first theory of relativity of Einstein, at the other hand, it was constant value of speed of light) and designate new field for phenomenon of gravitation. We must use different measurement for gravitation and different measurement for electromagnetism." Also in this article I have proposed new borders for gravitation. We can say that there is, very much smaller than length of Planck, size right for quantums of gravitation, it is a new base very small size value is about 10^-65 m. 3. Galactical model of subquark particles Electrons, quarks and gluons possess internal structure, consist of quadrillion of particles of size about 10^-35 m [they correspond with photons], these then from quadrillion of particles about 10^-50 m, these then from quadrillion of particles about 10^-65 m [they correspond with gravitons]. To confirm legitimacy of assuming of hypothesis of internal structure of smallest from hitherto known structural subatomic particles as electrons, quarks and gluons it can be invoked the theory of science created by A.Comte (see after text Comte's Theory of Science). diagram. Galatical model Every following field uses in a large extent from previous, sociology from biology - theory of evolution, biology from chemistry - an example biochemistry, chemistry from physics - even if structure of atom and periodic table, physics from astronomy. Invoking astronomy it can be in physics reach eg. conception of existence of atoms and their internal structure - stars, planets, planetary system. It can be also reach models applied in conception of subquark particles and QG. It is galactical, cosmical and supercosmical model. Mystery of dark matter can be explained in this way that preonical particles possess mass. 4. Mass of rubbish fills present physics for example - cosmical branes giving beginning to big bang and creating other universes, multidimensionality, strings existing in 10 dimensions, parallel universes, spatiotemporal tunnels, microblisters, hyperspace and so on. And several words about atomistic paradigm of Natural Sciences. Against claims of such fools as Popper atomism does not descend from metaphysical speculations. Democritus took over this view from Hindus during his travels in the east, conception of atoms existed there at the very latest about VIII century BC, and was based on paranormal perceptions of yogis - a source could be only paranormal activity, but for sure not philosophical speculation, in Europe spherical atoms appeared not before XIX century AD. (2011) 5. Solution of the problem of Wave-particle duality One of the biggest puzzles is the problem of how light in classical physics can be a wave, while in quantum physics it is in the form of photons or particles. The light ray is a wave but the energy transmits matter in the form of photons. Thus, it can also be assumed that any other particle, for example a moving electron, can be a wave of matter. The existence of matter waves was confirmed in 1927. Also in 1927 the uncertainty principle was formulated, stating that it is impossible to measure the position and momentum of a particle with unlimited accuracy. The issues considered are related to the problem of wave-particle duality. Wave-particle duality, the property of matter, for example electrons, in that in some conditions the wave character is manifested, and in others corpuscular character. Wave properties are revealed by diffraction and interference phenomena. Classical physics could not explain, for example, the photoelectric phenomenon, the adoption of the concept of a discrete radiation structure enabled solving this difficulty. Electron diffraction has shown that molecules have wave properties in addition to their corpuscular properties. Current theory assumes that all molecules have both wave and corpuscular character. This fact has been checked not only for elementary particles but also for composite particles such as atoms. Recognition of the dual nature of matter is the basis of modern physics. So far, considered duality remains a mystery, this is my explanation of this enigma. The problem of wave-particle duality is in fact a problem of trichotomy, where the third state are fields. At the explanation of this problem it is possible to invoke phenomenon of three states of concentration of the matter, the solid state, liquid and gas. This phenomenon determines the model for the problem of trichotomy in the microworld. Three states of concentration of the matter it is possible to implement by the fourth state which is the vacuum. Contractual condensation of the vacuum gives the highest state of concentration, gas. The further condensation gives the liquid state of concentration, still further the solid state of concentration. So the vacuum condenses into fields, fields condense into waves, waves condense into particles. The formation of particles directly from the fields corresponds to gas resublimation. These considerations make for the conclusion that the base for three states of the microworld is the vacuum. So particles, waves and fields are just a condensed form of vacuum (space). On the ground of STM (see paragraph 1) we can reach explanation where particles, waves and fields can be brought to the space. 6. Theory of everything (TOE) Two theories which modern physics is based on is the general theory of relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM). GR refers to great phenomena in cosmic scales, where gravity works. QM refers to phenomena in microscale, relates to particles and interactions. Years of research have shown that these two theories work well in experiments. On the other hand they are incompatible with each other. This inconsistency is revealed in very much small scale, Planck scale. To solve it, one should discover the theory showing a deeper reality, it will be the TOE, explaining all phenomena in the universe. Among ancient theories, apart from atomism, we can find another one equally useful theory created by the Greek sophist Gorgias who lived in the 5th century BC, which turns out to be helpful in searching for the TOE. In the work On Non-Existence we can find the first thesis of this theory: nothing exists. Well, the ultimate basis for everything is nothingness. 7. Regarding paragraph 3, a more careful analysis of the galactical model leads to the conclusion that there are more types of particles of the right type. Types of stars, by supergiants, giants, dwarfs, all the way to the black star (black hole, see paragraph 11) would correspond to the types of these particles. Cosmical model analysis leads to similar conclusions, where the types of particles would correspond to the appropriate types of galaxies. At the end, the analysis of the supercosmical model leads to similar conclusions. In addition, it can be assumed that there are types of photon-like particles and corresponding waves with significantly higher speeds than the speed of light (compare paragraph 2). So there are non-electromagnetic waves far above the speed of light. 8. Popper's Falsificationism seems to be wrong because the theory tests always strive to confirm it or confirmation and not refute it. So this concept is not unreliable with the actual way science is practiced. From the point of view of scientific research, striving to refute the theory seems to be a kind of nonsense and is something illogical. For example, General Relativity found confirmation in the Mercury orbit anomalies that Newton's theory could not explain. This confirmation is treated as proof of the validity of the theory. Of course, you can give more examples. Knowledge is inherently uncertain, as the ancient skeptics have already demonstrated. Therefore, science must use invalid inferences. Induction inferences is one of the basic types of inference of empirical sciences. These are uncertain inferences. Deductive inferences belong to the field of formal sciences such as mathematics and logic. On the basis of empirical science, the use of deduction is not meaningfully possible. By the way, ancient skeptics have also undermined the credibility of the deduction. (2019) 9. Regarding paragraph 1, thus, objects that move away decrease and objects that move closer enlarge. This can be called an ordinary contraction and dilatation, respectively. This ordinary phenomenon confirms the validity of the assumption about the unity of space and matter, and therefore also due to the concept of space-time on the unity of time, space and matter. 10. Regarding paragraph 5, we are dealing here with densification by jumps, where we obtain successive states from vacuum to atomic matter. Of course, in modeling these processes, one can use the sigmoidal model, which I have used extensively in other studies. The sigmoidal model records these jumps. I would like to add that these jumps are quantitative and not qualitative, according to the principle that any qualitative change is in fact a quantitative change. (2020) 11. Black holes, Big-Bang On the basis of my Quantum Gravity, we can obtain a partial explanation of the mystery of black holes. The use of quantization produces specific results. Alleged black hole is a kind of black star - with size about a star for our galaxy - consisting from condensate of small particles corresponding with gravitons. Black because does not let go photons. More suitable name than black hole is for this object name black star. So called event horizon is identical with its surface, so called Schwarzschild radius relates to its real radius. Inside the black star in the center of our galaxy a tunnel opens which leads in to the core of a distant galaxy. I should add also that primeval object which was a beginning of Universe had size not about 1 cm or less but several light yeras - about size of the distance to one of the nearby stars, and we should call it primeval black hyperstar. A model of primeval explosion can be an explosion of supernova. An instability of hyperstar can be caused for exceeding of a certain threshold, a certain limit of mass/size analogous to Chandrasekhar limit for supernovas. More strictly speaking, the primal object that started our cosmos was at the center of a small galaxy in another cosmos. A tunnel from another cosmos it has a small end of 1 cm, after primeval black hyperstar exceeded the critical mass this end began to widen rapidly. The growth of primeval black hyperstar lasted approximately 50 billion years. If the initial object has a quite big size, there wasn't age of inflation thus whole this conception must fall down. 12. Antigravity Drive Antigravitons or antiparticles of gravitons can be used in the construction of an antigravity drive because they probably generate antigravity. The propulsion of the antigravity vehicle will be a miniature anti black star, built from antiparticles to particles at the level of gravitons, that is, on the order of the magnitude of 10^-65 m. So, visions of flying cars from science fiction movies can be put into practice. (2021) Gregory Podgorniak, Poland about the author, My name is Gregory Podgorniak (brn. 01.1977, Szczecinek, West Pomerania, Poland). I am working on field of natural as well as social sciences. During philosophical studies at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan (1996-1999) I was actively act in student scientific organisation, got a scientific scholarship, and one from my articles titled Circulus vitiosus and fourfold petitio principii in the system of Descartes was published in Humanistic Drafts of Publishing House of Humaniora Foundation in Poznan, no. 6, 1998. Unfortunately certain fate events made impossible to me continuing studies to master's and later doctor's degree. Thence I was forced to be content only with a title of bachelor. Thanks to deep and penetrating researchings I was able to establish indisputably some number of my past incarnations reaching of ancient period, these data are certain, these incarnations are: Auguste Comte (1798-1857) French philosopher and sociologist, Edme Mariotte (1620-1684) French physicist and meteorologist, Bodhidharma (5th or 6th century) buddhist patriarch, Aenesidemus (1 st century BC) Greek sceptical philosopher, Arcesilaus (315-241 BC) Greek sceptical philosopher, Gorgias (485-380 BC) Greek sophist.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/08/22/alexander-dugin-daughter-car-bombing-distrust-official-narrative/ First, Dugin is far less important than some people are suggesting. He’s not “Putin’s brain.” There is no evidence that Dugin has ever met Putin in person, much less offered him regular advice, and I am yet to be convinced that the Russian president spends his leisure time poring over turgid political tracts. Putin didn’t have to read Dugin’s writings to come up with plans to annex Crimea or undermine Ukrainian statehood — both of those ideas have long been widespread among certain members of the Russian elite. Putin has his own brain. Second, killing Dugin will likely have zero direct effect on Russia’s war against Ukraine. Staging such an attack in Putin’s backyard might boost Ukrainian morale a bit. But that seems like a lot of risk for the sake of eliminating someone who plays no actual role in the conduct of the war. Dugin, it is worth noting, has no government position; his only function is as a propagandist — and Russia is oversupplied with those. (Both Dugin and his daughter have indulged in genocidal rhetoric against Ukrainians — which, sadly, places them solidly in the mainstream of Russian public discourse today.) And that brings us to the most important point — that we shouldn’t take Kremlin statements at face value. Russia is a paranoid dictatorship prosecuting one of the most brazen acts of international aggression in decades. In 2014, Putin wholeheartedly denied that his troops were seizing control of Crimea until the operation was finished; today, six months after the start of the invasion, it remains a crime to state the truth that Russia is waging “war” in Ukraine. Dictatorships, by their nature, do not deal in truths. Any information released by the Russian authorities should be treated less as a description of reality than as a political tool. https://archive.ph/XIeh4 Non-PW version of above

I came from a real tough neighborhood. I bought a waterbed and found a guy at the bottom of it.

Charon didn’t need to question me bc Charon knows the data and recognizes my claim was entirely fair and valid, but since you asked so passive aggressively nicely https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/21/exclusive-trump-party-he-still-holds-loyalty-gop-voters/6765406002/ ‘Most Trump voters embrace a version of events on Jan. 6 that has been debunked by independent fact checkers and law enforcement agencies. Asked to describe what happened during the assault on the Capitol, 58% of Trump voters call it "mostly an antifa-inspired attack that only involved a few Trump supporters." That's more than double the 28% who call it "a rally of Trump supporters, some of whom attacked the Capitol."” And to your actual point about all those voters just holding their noses over Trump: So sure. Feel free to nitpick my choice of word, but the core and thrust of my comment was absolutely valid. Unlike your stance that the moderate never trumpers have any sway right now in the country or even their party. But where we do agree is, yes. This is totally off-topic. I’ll simply repeat my point that those dumb Russian people buying the lies you mentioned? They remind me of a group right here in the US.

This is a continuous battle against the establishment, deep state government, and all things Democratic. They simply picked up the baton dropped by the Tea Party, who picked up the baton dropped by the New Gingrich cabal, who picked up the baton dropped by Goldwater/Reagan crowd, who picked up the baton dropped by McCarthyism, who picked up the baton dropped by America First. I imagine in 10 years MAGA will be gone and others will gleefully carry on the eternal battle.

Good for you, that's what it's all about! I used to be addicted to soap, but I'm clean now. Just be careful around trees, some of them are pretty shady. And stairs always seem like they're up to something. And can someone tell me why the person who invented the knock-knock joke didn't get the No-Bell Prize for Comedy?

I tried to steal some spaghetti from an Italian restaurant kitchen today, but the owner was watching, and I couldn't get pasta.

I used to be addicted to the Hokey Pokey, but I turned myself around.

I heard two versions of this joke recently, and didn't really care for either, so I took the best from both to punch it up. I agree about Dangerfield. He was another master of misdirection. "The doctor said I had cancer, and when I told him I'd like a second opinion, he said, 'You're ugly, too!'"

The coordinate r is not the radial coordinate. That much I, for one, will concede. For starters, Schwarzschild's r in the interior maps time, not space. But even outside it doesn't have to be, even though the temptation to call it so is very strong. If you want an argument that shows this very clearly, consider this: Scharzschild coordinates separate the angular factor so that the total solid angle gives 4*pi. Well, that cannot be. And the reason is that in a space with (positive/negative) spatial curvature, there must be an angular (deficit/excess). Of that, Scharzschild's coordinates tell us nothing. Here's the thing: Coordinates in GR are meaningless. Scharzschild's coordinates are only meaningful at spatial infinity. What you do in GR is pick out a set of coordinates that suits you to solve the equations, then do an analytic extension that smooths out all the singular points of the coordinate chart, then you identify the real singularities (infinite curvature). Finally, you discuss causality and the like in terms of the best set of coordinates(Kruskal-Skezeres, conformal, with Penrose diagrams, etc). Mind you, if your favourite coordinate chart that you used to solve the equations was "contaminated" with spurious singularities, you will have to introduce a singular change of charts that undoes the damage. It's not you, it's not me, it' generations of physicists that have been confused by the mirage of their coordinates charts. GR is a lanscape to tread very carefully.

Yeh, right.

Yeah. No. That's the fringe. The average Trump voter holds his nose and votes Trump (the guy who would back ANTIFA to the hilt if they were pro-Trump), due to their perception that the offered alternative is worse, despite how bad he is. Hopefully they find the guts to turf him out, lest the Dems underestimate the power of the stupidity, and continue to allow it to be matched on their side, and yield another coin toss election. But as you like to inform everyone...that's off topic.

I have data that notes you haven't questioned the post I directed that at, and have a gut feeling you won't.

Here is another call for the genocide of Russians.This is the Ambassador of Ukraine to Kazakhstan Petar Vrublevski. He says that it is necessary to kill as many Russians as possible: "The more Russians we kill now, the less our children will have to kill." https://srbin.info/en/svet/sto-vise-rusa-ubijemo-manje-ce-morati-nasa-deca-moskva-reagovala-na/ The Ambassador of Ukraine to Kazakhstan, Pyotr Vrublevsky, was summoned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic after his statements made in an interview with Kazakh blogger Dias Kuzairov. "The Kazakh side expressed its position on the unacceptability and incompatibility of such statements with the activities of the ambassador of a foreign state. Such actions should not damage friendly relations between states," the Kazakh Foreign Ministry said in a statement.