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That may be the reason that experiments are done in physics, no? We take the best theories we have, i.e. that explain the most empirical facts that we know until now, and try to extend them with math to see what other, not-tested results follow. And then we put them to the test. So your 'complete' is a none-existing caricature of what physicists do. That is exaggerated. Sure, there are areas in physics where philosophy might help, when reflection on used concepts and methods becomes necessary. But besides that, experiment is the filter that any mathematical theory applied to physics must pass.

No, not after you edited them. We don’t track that. But you just posted the link, and did not convey this information in text, as required by the rules. And, as studiot notes, it’s a comedy site. There’s no way to fast-forward through the video (on my iPad, at least), so one must waste time wading through nonsense to get to the salient point, and no info about who the person giving the talk is. There’s no credibility offered here. Just the prospect of wasted time.

It definitely did and likely still does. Doctors in the US were given huge bonuses by some pharmaceutical giants for prescribing more of a specific medication they produced and this exasperated the issue of opioid addition in the US

49. North and South Dakota are like two peas in a pod. Wait, make that 48, Oregon and Washington are pretty similar... Seriously, the original Missouri Territory (from around 1820), would probably just form one state - it would include the Dakotas, Nebraska, Missouri (obv) and other northern plains states that all have enough in common to form a cohesive (and conservative) nation. I guess some of this turns on what structural means. Was it DeSantis who tried to bring back a form of poll tax, barring ex-cons from voting if they had legal/court fees outstanding? IIRC it worked as disenfranchisement because how many ex-cons have extra money on hand?

I'd find a doctor and see what is causing it. Chronic reflux can corrupt the cells lining your oesophagus, damage your tooth enamel, amongst other things. Don't Band-Aid it with chalk. This is the downer about private medicine... is THAT worth spending on?

I disagree with this. The angry far right is always there. I guess the Tea Party was the last manifestation. But things were better then as no one like Trump made it to the White House. Not many people elected by the far right are stupid enough to hurt our country like Trump did and continues to do. If you cut the head off the snake the body may still squirm and flail about, but it is much less dangerous without the head. MAGA without someone willing to overthrow the government is simply a difference of opinion conveyed with anger.

That’s surely part of it, but as I said Trumpism will remain even if Trump disappears. The grievance politics are as old as time. Fearing the woke mob taking away freedoms or guns, believing others want them to apologize for being white, refusing to accept transgenderism, election results, or feeling that the system is rigged and they haven’t been given a fair shake. “It’s YOUR fault that MY life’s not better!!” Trump may have amplified a previously quiet set of militias and KKK membership, but those folks have always been there and don’t ever seem to go away. They just used to be quieter. Now, they’ve have been given a permission structure to say whatever they really think openly, out loud in public, and without shame. None of that ends when Trump is gone, and in fact it’ll probably be worse moving forward with all of the bubbled and closed off information ecosystems and disinformation lattices.

Not sure I’m persuaded of that. A yuge part of Trump’s success, surely, has been his cult of personality, hasn’t it? They can’t just transfer that to De Sanity Clause or some other loathsome specimen.

God I hope so. Don't know if I can deal with Trump again. I'll have to turn off media for four years/till he dies.

Two facts about sounds for you to research. Firstly the sounds that create intelligible (human and i think other species) 'speech' are not the sort of sound wave you would see on an oscilloscope trace of say an orchestra. That is some sort of amplitude trace of varying frequency or frequencies. They are what is known as pulse code modulated. The information is actually contained in bursts or pulses which are pretty well independent of either frequency or amplitude. Secondly sound waves, whether pulse or continuous, do not substantially impinge on bulk objects to create measurable and lasting traces. But geologists recognise that waves can be literally cast in stone in slow sedimentation processes. As fine grained sediment settles, compacts and eventually solidifies it can bear the effects of gently passing waves. These are called ripple marks in the bedding.

This is not a silly idea but nature does not work quite like that however it does actually happen in nature. Since this thread has been split I will answer it in the split off thread. Instead I will simply reply to the thread topic which is about language. Firstly language is more than sounds ie speech. Language is also about the way we think of things. Even two people from the same culture speaking the same language often mean somewhat different meaning by the same language statement, Also spoken and written language tend to been a bit different as well. Secondly it is known (David Attenborough recently had a right up to date program on this) that many species communicate with each other by sounds and other means. So it would be unreasonable to expect that other hominoid species do / did not also do this.

There are indirect indications of language, besides sound itself. The fossilized skull can indicate developed areas of the brain that handle speech. I think it's called Broca's area from memory. There's also a development called a descended larynx, which can I think be interpreted from fossil bones. This was a development that aided voluntary breath control, which is essential for speech. Again from memory, these things are found to exist in earlier versions of homo, giving a pretty strong indication that speech is a pretty old feature in human ancestry, not recent. There is debate about this stuff. For instance, there is a difference of opinion as to whether Neanderthals had full speech. A descended larynx isn't unique to humans either, so these are indications only, not black and white proof of anything. We have a bone in the neck called the hyoid, that gives an indication of whether the larynx is descended or not, but it's just one more clue, not conclusive of anything. My own conclusion, from back when I was reading up on this stuff, was that speech is more ancient than we currently suspect. I haven't seen much to change that opinion since, but it's still just my overall impression.

There are ways that the Republicans can win the White House. It's against the odds, but sure, it can happen. I don't think that there's any doubt as to who will be the candidate though. Unless there is some legal means of preventing Trump from running. He's sure to get the nomination. So it's Donald vs. Joe for President, barring new sensational developments. Donald will get all of his loonies out to vote for him, but the big question is, will he motivate enough "don't really care" voters to vote against him? Biden is Biden, he has his followers, but really, it's pro-Donalds vs. anti-Donalds. That's how it will play out. Whoever can persuade them to turn out will win. If you could vote on your phone, Joe would win. But you can't, so the turnout is the unknown. If I had to bet my life on the result, I would of course back Joe, and you can apparently get 3/1 in the UK at the moment, if you want to back Donald. So it's not a great outlook for any Republican voter who isn't a Donald fan.

Other than by continuing to benefit from and amplify their existing gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts, you mean? Why, yes! They’re ALSO going to use AI to create deep fake videos and microtarget them into the most suspect conspiracy prone minds across social platforms to reshape the truth narrative. This generates enormous numbers of small dollar donations, themselves amplified by SuperPac megabillions of dark money flooding the zones with misinformation and FUD. Tl;dr: Make sure only the “right” people vote and dilute opponents power through widespread lies and fictions.

I think, they do in the first approximation. But generally, they are more complex because there are other internal forces in the fluids.

Then why not simply say you are in favor of reparations to all who have suffered injustices in the past ( as we have been saying ), and not a system that awards reparations based on race, and which may discrminate against some groups equally impacted ?

So the punishment for every crime is the same... torture forever! The entire system of heaven and hell is immoral and unjust.