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Hi all, Just wanted to share my surprise that a model of JWST is standing in the company where I work for. Obviously, it contributed fastening elements (screws, nuts, etc) to JWST. Hopefully it is true what the company says about the quality of their products...

I have very scanty knowledge of biochemistry, mainly through reaction kinetics, so I am only guessing what Amy is after, I suspect she has mixed up some terminology somewhere, hence my questions. Anyway here is a short discussion about the maths, set at upper high school level calculus. The diffusion equation and the wave equation connect the distribution in space and time of some quantity and it derivatives with respect to space and time. The 'solution'' of the equation is an algebraic equation describing the values of this function in time and/or space. The derivatives involved are first and second derivatives. The connection enables the evolution in time of a system obeying these equations to be determined. That is the spatial distribution at a given time t. In general we are looking for continuous functions so functions such as x = t2 and x = sin(t) are acceptable but x = tan(t) is not x = t2 is not periodic, but x = sin(t) and x = tan(t) are periodic. However x = tan(t) is discounted as it is non continuous. OK so the first derivative will be continuous (but may be zero). For periodicity to occur there must be 'turning points'. This involve the second derivative being zero at the points. Further there must be more than one turning point x = t2 has one turning point but this is clearly not enough to generate periodicity. Now the wave equation involves only second derivatives, So it is not surprising that periodic solutions predominate. The diffusion equation involves both first and second derivatives. So it nis not surprising that non periodic solutions occur most frequently in practice. But the periodicity or non periodicity is built right into the equation it is not a separate cake as chenbeier puts it. I hope this helps somebody.

Here is one example. Athletics has barred transgender women that went through puberty as males, and tightened restrictions on intersex athletes. (demanded the intersex athletes unnaturally suppress testosterone levels or be disqualified): https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/trackandfield/world-athletics-bans-trangender-women-1.6788581 Every sport will do it differently and even within athletics different events can be ruled differently. Another article Transgender women athletes' future in competition uncertain as sports organizations change rules, issue bans: Subtitle: Experts say not enough research to prove trans women athletes have unfair competitive advantage: (note where those "experts" referred to suggest the onus should be despite much science indicating the contrary) https://www.cbc.ca/sports/transgender-women-athletes-future-swimming-ban-1.6496497 from the article: "Days before FINA made its decision public, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) — which oversees international cycling events, including road, track, mountain and BMX — changed its policy for trans women athletes. Rather than banning them from competing, UCI halved the maximum permitted testosterone level from 5 nmol/L — the limit currently in place for a number of other sports, including athletics — to 2.5 nmol/L, and it doubled the amount of time athletes must maintain low testosterone before they can compete, to 24 months." But thankyou INow, for confirming you have no idea what you are talking about.

Thank you for confirming you’re unable to name any specific individuals or actual groups engaging in these behaviors.

Well, yeah. I reckon when we change the consensus meaning of words to better align with our own personal versions of those same words then those words start meaning different things and the conclusions they describe don’t always hold.