Leaderboard

A marine algae and a nitrogen fixing bacteria have officially teamed up and the bacteria has become a new organelle inside a marine algae. The teaming up of nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants Is not a new (Azolla carolinensis) is one but the bacteria is just in a communal relationship with the plant but this bacteria has actually become an organelle inside the algae cells much like mitochondria or chloroplasts in other cells, this new organelle has been dubbed Nitroplast. https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2024/04/17/scientists-discover-first-nitrogen-fixing-organelle/ I am remembering reading of another animal that has evolved something similar that allowed it live in anoxic water in the black sea. If I remember correctly it was a ctenophore, anyone remember this?

I'm further taking deal of. The Fermi constant plays a crucial role in describing weak interactions. (W and Z boson actions.) Where electroweak force and the Higgs mechanism are intimately connected within the framework of the Standard Model. As shown in the formula of the VeV's effecive_action, presented here earlier. Therefore the Fermi-constant incorporates into this formula.

Extremely interesting, thanks for posting this. It seems this may shed some light on very early evolutionary processes by which other organelles may have arisen, by being first endosymbionts and then getting integrated into the cell. I know next to nothing about this but I presume a key feature of the change would be the progressive migration of at least parts of the genetic coding needed for replication, from the endosymbiont to the nucleus of the host cell. I think I have read this is thought to have happened with mitochondria, which still retain some of their own DNA, separate from the cell nucleus. I see this work says that the template for some of the proteins the former endosymbiont needs is now in the cell nucleus, but a label is attached to them which gets them picked up by the "nitroplast". Perhaps investigation of this will help us understand how eukaryotes acquired other organelles in the long distant past.

Understand this and you clear the confusion. F = ma Weight = Mass x gravitational acceleration lb force = lb mass x g/32.2 ie if we equate weight numerically with mass, we're implicitly adopting some unit of acceleration that has the numerical value of 1 at the earth's surface. As @exchemist has pointed out, this creates a great deal of needless complications in US technical literature. Many equations end up littered with this dimensional constant of 32.2 simply to maintain this unity factor between weight and mass. Either that or adopt that most wonderfully named of all units, the slug foot. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gc_(engineering) Only approximately. The higher levels of the earth's atmosphere are subject to a lower gravitational acceleration due to their increased distance from the centre of mass so they weigh less per unit mass. This illustrates quite nicely how careless application of the unity assumption can simply lead to incorrect results.

Yes I think you have got it. I admit I don’t know how this is presented to students in the US today. My experience with Imperial units dates from schooldays in the UK in the early 1970s, when we transitioned from Imperial to metric. I remember how awful it was, compared to the simplicity of metric, and specifically, the version of metric that later came to be known as Systeme International (SI) units.

Your pressure unit is in reality lb force / in2 so the result is not lb but lb force. ie. the force exerted in opposition to the gravitational acceleration of a mass of 1 lb at the Earth's surface. It's a sloppily presented question: lb / in2 is not a correct unit of pressure. g is implicit in both sides of the equation, but cancels.

Well, really, contempt for human life and murdering medical staff does have some parallels with Israel's current tactics which are ignoring clauses of the Geneva Convention (1949, btw) quite thoroughly. I know you are a careful observer of news, so you can't have missed this. But I wasn't trying to make a perfect analogy, just point out that saving lives doesn't require some binary choice where the only choices are mass starvation or an entire city is annihilated. Others here have pointed out that there were other options to bring a Japanese surrender. But those didn't provide a way to show Russia how big a stick we now had. I wasn't saying they were completely noncombatants. No city in Japan could possibly have been so, given the massive national mobilization in that war. Again, I was making a different and broader point - that when you annihilate a city, you will kill mostly civilians, and violate that Geneva clause mentioned above. How can we Americans claim moral superiority over the Japanese if, after condemning them for indiscriminate mass murder, we then engage in same? As an American, I've given this some thought, and I feel strongly that this was a barbarous and shameful chapter in our history in which we cannot claim a moral high road. I will simply not validate Hiroshima and give the monstrous atrocity of a nuclear attack some veneer of moral value. That's a Strangelovian step I cannot make, so we may have to disagree on that.

And people can stop moving the goalposts on this too; deterrence ought to mean more than just their use, if it doesn't deter their creation, then eventually they will be used. Nothing is being deterred just delayed. The detterence comes after you use them a bunch, then people forget how bad it was until people are practically foaming at the mouth at the thought of keeping them around and it makes me a little bit sick to be honest. Take issue all you like; if the bombs had went off where your nation was you'd likely feel differently. But because it happened to the civilians of another country/race to you it just doesn't matter? It was ww2 and most of the world was starving, everyone suffered, but it was winding down, they were about to surrender and then the USA released the most cowardly double sucker punch of all time with the highest kill count and for what? A few points scored on a naval base wow and only tons of innocent civilians and two cities as collateral damage? Wow, amazing. This debate is starting to get really boring. Crimes carried out by millitaries need to punish the people giving the orders and carrying them out. Whichever side. Can we all just agree that civilian casualties suck and are unfair without having arguments that amount to "What colour or culture were they? Tell me that so i can decide how much I care." Also where did OP go? Here we are busting our butts having it out and they've gone AWOL!

Guys! Guys! Guys! One of my short stories has been published on YouTube!!! Illustrated and voiced by ai!!! I am thrilled!

You're very wrong. Coordinates are sufficient for comparison. 2<3. Two is less than Three. You don't need any units of meters, seconds, degrees or apples, square roots or coloured pixels. Wrong again. The number of coloured pixels are the same in both, even if you use a metric of number of coloured pixels. Count them. There are 4 pixels in both. The difference between the pixels in both vertical and horiztonal direction are also the same. There are two pixels in the vertical direction for both, and 2 pixels in the horizontal directions for both. Your mistake is assuming the grid lines have significance. They dont. Only the numbers on the axes have meaning. Labelling with units is irrelevant. Which number is bigger? The number 2 or the number 3?

I'm not even really asking to justify the FLRW metric. It is perfectly justified - given its assumptions and premised. I'm asking to justify why space expansion is the only interpretation of cosmological redshift. You've said for me to suggest a different interpretation and then explicitly repeated it. Stop derailing my thread please.

I not going to pretend to follow the math. Neither do I want to interrupt where the thread has gone, but I want to bring it back layman speak on my level. Earlier in this thread I did already mention that the FLRW metric is "orientated" where time does not expand with space. I had suspected that a transformation could orientate it differently such that time does expand with space. And I suspected at the other extreme we can have a solution where space does not expand at all and only time does. In another thread I asked about a variable "metric of time", and the "rate of flow of time", which was very difficult to conceptualise and it sort of ended there. My position is that l still maintain the validity of the interpretation that: non-relative time expansion/contraction is indistinguishable from space expansion/contraction. When you look up cosmological redshift in wiki there is no "Temporal Redshift" type. That is, redshift caused by an expanding temporal metric. It doesn't exist. Not a single reference, no studies, no papers. Why? Just because its too complex and abstract compared to space-expansion-only theory? I don't believe complexity is a reason for the entire physics community to shy away from such an interpretation. If it is valid, and no-one has researched into temporal redshift, it can only be because "space expansion" and its universal acceptance has blinded us to the truth that is only one alternative of other interpretations.

The comments are helpful,the latex and machete,I will try where I can or mayb try to reverse engineer my own ideas and theories,to be on the same table rather than light-years away to avoid a hangman noose. All the same I thought I hand tried to step away from diagrams for simple brains to mathematics...and mayb the input of likes of Mordred, sincerely talking not trivializing others,in my other thread, simplified quantum gravity, he had a lot of input and i had been waiting for him to come back on the forum to just get his take, brilliant brains seems to vanish away with age i.e you can't ask today Higgs a question regarding Higgs boson. and after reviewing my former thread i saw a need for mathematics to bring clarification to my thinking and to tackle Genady on issue concerning geodesic paths and finally settled the issue on faster than the speed of light that unsettled exchemist and others.sometimes whining help but in this form 😂😂😂 or rather 😭 to clean the eyes.