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We frequently recommend papers. Here is a good book on how to extract useful information from them. I know it was produced for the medical sciences but the lessons are universal. A further tip for students. If you know how the Professors are reading the papers before marking them, it helps in their preparation.

Is anyone else following the "drone" problem in New Jersey? I don't understand what all the hubbub is about. Nearly every video I've seen are obviously light aircraft, they even sound like light aircraft. Aircraft with landing lights! I have lived near an airport for many years and yes aircraft at night can look odd but I honestly do not see anything to this, it's all or at least mostly hype. It's concerning that many of these aircraft, whatever they are, have been sighted over restricted airspace like Langley air force base and so far I've not seen any videos of those "drones" but all the ones I've seen, in NJ, have aircraft running lights in standard configurations and landing lights. It's possible that actual drones are a small percentage, possibly hobbyists pushing boundaries, especially in England bases and US bases but all I've seen so far are the ones over NJ and they almost certainly are misidentified light aircraft. It's a head scratcher... Has anyone see them in person?

In that video I saw a couple of objects with flashing lights (one clearly had red in it) just like you’d expect with a plane. Not flying with lights off, as I saw claimed somewhere (how would you see it at night if it has no lights?) The only weird thing to me was the bluish triangle lights. What was not weird was a bunch of people spouting nonsense, like “Iranian mothership” because some people do like getting on TV, and taking ten minutes to present thirty seconds of information with the rest filler opinion and BS, because that’s the curse of 24/7 cable news programming We don’t know until we do, but nothing presented has ruled out a couple of drones + regular plane traffic + mass hysteria because it’s in the news. Or Aqua Teen Hunger Force has a new viral marketing campaign. I saw a post on social media recently about someone in East Germany before the wall fell. They painted small rocks purple and left them around town on occasion, and it drove the Stasi/police nuts trying to figure out what the meaning was because it HAD to mean SOMETHING because that’s how their minds were wired. Once you’ve decided on a conclusion, if you aren’t careful, everything you see will point toward it.

Yup, airborne objects at night are notoriously difficult to size, even by trained observers. I have to wonder if an initial small number of misjudged sightings of hobby drones and aircraft got publicized and then more people started looking up at night and noticing things. Hobby drones especially can be seen as larger than actual dimensions.

Then it’s irresponsible to report a size. It might look small, but a jet flying at 10 km looks small.

The cosine of any fraction of π is the real part of a root of unity and is called a trigonometric number.

Spin with a charged particle gives them a magnetic moment, so “spin up” and “spin down” (the two possible values of the spin orientation) will have a different energy in a magnetic field, which you have in an atom.

Hmm, whether this intrinsic angular momentum also represents energy or not is a bit of a moot point, since you can't stop the spin, i.e. you could never get any such energy out of the particle. These particles certainly do have energy associated with their mass, according to E=mc², but I don't think it's a good idea to think they have a kind of kinetic energy due to their "spin". Anyway, for GCSE, all you need to know is you can put a maximum of 2 electrons into each atomic orbital, which is allowed so long as one has spin "up" and the other has spin "down".

My understanding of this is that in order to measure the graphing distance, you have to first foliate the hypergraph into slices of simultaneity, which is to say you need to have a convention to decide in which sequence the nodes and edges get updated, since in general there’s more than one possibility. Different observes will do this in different ways since they belong to different subgraphs, which is essentially just your ordinary relativity of simultaneity. The graphing distance is then measured within one slice of that foliation only, since we wish to consider spatial length contraction. Thus, even if all observers are part of the same hypergraph, they can still obtain different graphing distances between the same nodes, because they count nodes along different paths within the graph. The graph’s symmetry of causal invariance ensures that the causal structure is always the same, regardless of which sequence the graph gets updated in. That’s how I understand it anyway. Wolfram’s own explanation of this is found here.

Yes it looks like it. In mathematics there is nearly always more than one way to do something. No it is not advanced maths. I think somewhere in these many pages I have already mentioned signed numbers and sign conventions. There are plain 'ordinary' numbers we use for counting, measuring etc. They may be whole numbers or fractions. We use them for the four basic operations of arithmetic add - subtract - multiply - divide. But often we want our numbers to represent more than this. For instance up or down ; electrical positive or electrical negative ; clockwise or anticlockwise ; left or right and so on. To do this we establish a sign convention. The most common convention is that we attach a plus or minus to each and every number so the numbers we use are then called signed numbers. We do this because we can benefit from using the signed numbers in the same formulae we use for basic arithmetic. However in order to make this work we must learn some extra rules for these basic processes. The Kahn narrator is using signed numbers, not plain ordinary numbers in his column vectors. does this help ?

Pulses+grains usually will get you the 9 amino acids you need. E.g. lentils plus brown rice, or pintos plus a grain. A few plants sources like quinoa and soy contain all 9. But plant sources tend to be low or missing other nutrients, so you will likely need to get supplemental B12, zinc, and the DHA form of omega-3 FA (algal oil is a popular source for that). As with many nutritional issues, "variety" is the basic answer. Personal side note: pure veganism gradually made me feel wretched, and I found that a 5/2 approach was much better - five days vegan, two days wild caught pescaterian. The reality is that most of us ordinary mortals are not trained nutritionists who can perfectly tailor a diet to our particular gut biome and absorption issues (if any). Find animal protein that you are most comfortable with ethically and digestively - wild caught sardines are a good one for vegans to "bend" on, and they are easy to digest, as meats go. And their carbon footprint is small.

This thread, perhaps? Nice to see you over here at the dot net. Please don't mention this place to MR? 😃

If it’s the critters, then there’s biology and its subforums (e.g. evolution) If it’s paleo earth there’s earth science, and if it’s some admixture you can always put it in other sciences. Mods and experts can move topics if necessary and it’s not really a problem unless becomes a chronic issue (like posting everything in the Lounge or other clearly inappropriate section)

This indicates a misunderstanding of not only how particles become entangled, but also why particles become entangled. Neutrinos are unique animals, in the particle world. Have you ever heard of entangled neutrinos?

As I said earlier, it is my understanding that ‘no-communication’ applies only to classical communication . Communication via entanglement can be observed when the particle coordination is reversed from its original condition indicating that ‘something has happened’ before and after entanglement. This is observed as quantum swapping. Entanglement can be used to communicate but it is impossible to observe such a communication as faster than light. Coordination occurs both with and without communication . The two are not mutually exclusive. Non-local interaction is the simplest form of interaction. Occam’s razor is violated when we insert what Mach called “unobserved metaphysicals” to explain events. Milo Wolff “When an energy exchange occurs between, say, two molecules one wonders what is traveling between them. If we don’t know, we say it is a “photon” Giving it a name doesn’t add any knowledge, but it allows us to feel better and we can pretend we know what travels.”