Sensei

Science (physics) describes physical phenomenons. i.e. gives mathematical equations to what you observe directly by your eyes, or using devices. After applying equation in similar circumstances, you can predict outcome in advance (extrapolation), or predict missing values between existing data (interpolation). Your question is philosophical, not scientific.

FIFY. Poor Agricultural Methods in Drought Regions.. Hydroponics should be used wherever applicable, to limit water usage..

Average power per area unit is ~4.45 times smaller. @Moontanman use inverse-square law with average distance from the Sun to the Venus, and to the Mars, to get amount of power they're receiving at such distances. You would also need to take into account that Venus is bigger than Mars. i.e. area pointing at the Sun of Venus is bigger. Also internal heat capacity depends on size of object. i.e. bigger objects cool down slower than small objects (if they're made of the same material).

Typical way C/C++ programmer is using the most basic C language built-in pseudo-random numbers generator is: srand( time( NULL ) ); int value = rand(); to get value in range in 0....RAND_MAX (0x7fff = 32767) Time is input parameter to so called random seed. The same seed, the same sequence of numbers returned by rand() function. But time (in seconds if returned by time() function) is changing, so each execution output sequence will be different. At least until overflow. srand() takes 32 bit unsigned integer as parameter, so overflow will happen after 2^32 / 60 / 60 / 24 / 365.25 = ~ 136 years (ignoring timezone changes) Non-standard pseudo-random number generators typically use current time (better with millisecond/microsecond precision) of machine to initialize random seed (srand()-equivalent function parameter).

Baking soda start decomposing at 50 °C https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate#Thermal_decomposition After heating to higher temperatures it will decompose and release carbon dioxide, which could be stuck in some medium as gas bubbles locked inside of it. "These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers."

@swansont ..I made Android application for my smartphone, which was connecting to GPS satellites, and getting their data. From it calculated latitude and longitude and altitude and saved to CSV (Comma Separated Values) file format. It can be imported by OpenOffice SpreadSheet or Excel, and special created for this project Google Maps PHP script. And started walking in the city with app turned on. While I was on the surface precision was +- few meters on the Google map script. But as soon as I went down the stairs near river, it all started malfunctioning. I was recorded being once on the right side of the river, the second record of data (took just a few seconds later), on the second side of the river (and between 200 to 400 meters away from where I used to be in the reality). It jumped this way entire time during walking close to the river. Why? Because there are massive flood walls (concrete floodbanks) 5+ meters tall. Signal from satellite cannot reach device in the straight line, but bounces from flood walls and reflection of signal arrives with higher delay than it should be.. and software has to analyze database to get ride of such incorrect entries.. What is accurate for you might be not accurate enough for somebody else.

@Hamster22 There are two ways to detect exoplanet and eventually habitable planet. One way is to measure shaking of the star. Massive exoplanets are disturbing center-of-mass of their star system. It's slightly offset from center of the star, similar like binary star systems have offset center of mass. Two equal mass binary stars have center-of-mass in the middle between them. Second way is to measure luminosity of star in the long period of time. Periodical brightening and darkening of the star means it's shaded by something orbiting around it e.g. exoplanet. These two methods can be used simultaneously to verify themselves. Shaking of the center-of-mass of star system learn scientist that exoplanet is there. In the face of this, your claim that "Mars does not affect the Sun", is kinda silly, don't you think? You're rejecting entire methodology of searching of exoplanets..

...after rearranging your initial question to "Excuse me, sir/madam. Could you remind me who proposed natural selection?" You probably would get the right answer if interlocutor knows the correct answer.. ...they meant "it's complicated to quickly explain" (that's what layman expects in short reply).. ..large oversimplification on your side.. Access to mass-storage like disk is very slow, in comparison to RAM access speed. But access to CPU cache Level 1/2/3 is much faster than access to RAM. But access to CPU registers is faster than CPU cache.. So, low-level programmer should try to keep everything in registers. If there is not enough registers, utilize CPU cache efficiently. If CPU cache is too small, utilize RAM efficiently. If RAM is too small, exchange data with mass-storage. Yes. It's complicated.. you could write and fill entire library of programming books about these subjects.. If you're processing extensive data, you could precalculate them and store on mass-storage, for faster lookup. i.e. calculations are slow, fetching ready data from (otherwise slow) mass-storage memory could be faster. e.g. lookup table, rainbow table. Living organisms can have chemical and electrical memories. Long term memory, intermediate-term memory, short-term memory etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-term_memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory

Never say never. If something has non-zero probability it must happen some day giving enough (infinite?) time..

Contaminated by what exactly? By iron-containing compound? Mercury boiling point is just 356.7 C, so you could try to distill. If you're asking, you're layman, so it's rather not option for you You could contaminate entire area. By metallic iron? You could try magnet. Stainless steel is also iron. But usually it's not attracted by magnets. If iron chunks are macroscopic, you could try strainer.

Rubbing rips off electrons from some materials. After ripping off, one object has more electrons, and second object has more protons. They don't have magnetic field, because they don't have liquid metal in the core which moves. They could have enough e.g. Iron, but due to size and time, they cooled down to temperature in which Iron is no longer in liquid state. Moving liquid metal creates magnetic field and reacts to external magnetic field. Which can be observed using e.g. liquid Mercury, liquid Sodium, liquid alloys like NaK etc.

e.g. polarity of molecule.

Nonsense. Melted core of the planet is result of decay of radioactive isotopes present in the planet, and size of the planet, which didn't have yet enough time to radiate entire energy which was released and accumulated during planet formation (bombardment of smaller parts in early stage of formation of Solar System). i.e. smaller cosmic object would radiate energy faster and cool down faster. Example is Moon.

Not really. Because you didn't take into account mass of crystal. i.e. large enough will deform and collapse due to gravity and eventually in extremity will become black hole.. Another thing is bombardment of macroscopic object by external particles. In extremity, cosmic ray particle can decay inside and destruct or damage internal of your "perfect" crystal..

Broadcasting life signal (digitalized on the fly e.g. from camera and microphone in the real-time) requires completely different tactic than downloading fully existing file from server. In the second case, when entire file exists, 1st client could start downloading from 0 offset, 2nd client could start downloading from e.g. 1 MB offset, 3rd client could start downloading from e.g. 2 MB offset and so on, so on, as many clients you want. Then 2nd client could download missing the first block of data from 1st client, and 1st client missing block from 2nd client, without bothering server anymore. It's pretty complicated though. Client can be static or dynamic IP, public or private IP, behind firewall/NAT or not etc. etc. Only clients which are public static IP could listen for connection from clients unable to open local ports and reveal them to the Internet ("active" or "passive" clients). Server would have to reveal IP of one client to other client, so they could connect p2p (if they can), which is potential privacy vulnerability (abused by anti-piracy organizations). There are also security issues. Modified client software could send something else than has been downloaded from server machine, so there is needed some authentication and verification of integrity of data, which passes through clients to other clients.. In the face of new provided details of what you need, Carrock advice has sense, and worth a try. Although you are not limited to just torrent. There are other alternative p2p protocols. DirectConnect has easy protocol specification: http://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/Unix/GNU/ftp/savannah/files/mldonkey/docs/Direct-Connect/dc1_protocol.html

@Carrock Are not you talking about multiple sources, on multiple machines ("servers" or "peers"), single target user.. ? Torrent is rather not an option, if you want to redistribute your own legit software, to worldwide clients.

Are not doing it, the all servers, which allow multiple connections (i.e. which spawn new thread after socket listen() and accept()).. ? https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/winsock2/nf-winsock2-accept e.g. HTTP Apache (which allows 256 simultaneous connections, if you don't change config file). Limit has been added to disallow DDoS attack on HTTP server, which would run of resources of server machine and cause crash. If after listen() and accept() your server code does not spawn new thread, only one connection is possible at a time to such server. Other attempts of connection, from other machines, are rejected or delayed (depends on time-out set using setsockopt(), SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO options) https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/winsock/nf-winsock-setsockopt On client machines wget allows you to specify initial offset using --start-pos https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/wget.html#Download-Options Some FTPs also supports retrieving file from specified initial offset. Curl command allows to download specified number of bytes from specified offset: https://serverfault.com/questions/18834/how-to-ftp-get-a-partial-file-only Search "range" in: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manual.html The main questions: - are you writing software or using existing software? - are you writing/using client or server machines? If somebody, non-programmer, would like to split, let's say 1 GB large file, he or she can simply split file on disk, and have files like name.0, name.1, etc. after putting them on HTTP, up to 256 simultaneous client machines can get up to 256 files from your default config HTTP Apache server.

"determined universe", "determined choice".. IMHO inappropriate wording for what you described above.. There is very few optimal paths how to do something, and ocean of non-optimal paths how to do something (and possibly fail), and even greater ocean of alternative choices (do something else). Sometimes there is just one optimal way how to do something. If you won't do it the right way, you will fail. So, no alternative choices. Suppose so, somebody is not in hurry, has no alternative commitments, and has straight forward route from home to other location. He or she, can go the most optimal route, the shortest (length), or the quickest (time), but alternatively choose not to use them, but go around. Without any purpose. Without brain suggesting "you need to burn calories, move your body!" etc. That was free will choice. Maybe. Doing something without purpose. Doing something without reason which can be explained by physics, chemistry, biology etc.. Some people notoriously are asking me "why did you do this or that?" and can't find answer for their question by themselves, because nobody is paying me nor I don't have any other reward for it, which is astonishing to them, as they do, in majority, only things they are paid for..

From what we can read on Wikipedia page of LLC, it allows avoiding double taxation. In the normal corporation, there is corporate tax on income made by company, and then second tax on personal income of shareholder. In LLC it's not the case. "Pass-through taxation (i.e., no double taxation), unless the LLC elects to be taxed as a C corporation." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow-through_entity So, primary reason for choosing such model of company is smaller taxation, rather than expectancy of bankruptcy in advance during starting it up. "According to a report published by Brookings in May 2017, in the early 1980s almost all business income in the United States was generated by C corporations. In terms of Income tax in the United States C corporations are taxed separately from their owners.[8]" (...) "By 2013, "only 44 percent of the income of business owners was earned through C-corporations."[8]" (...) "According to a September 2017 article in the New York Times, about "95 percent of companies in the United States are structured as pass-through entities, generating the bulk of the government’s tax revenues."[12]"

Your way of expressing is very confusing. It's not really clear what actually you want. 1 Pa = 1 Pascal 1 Pa = 1 N/m^2 = [math]\frac{N}{m^2} = \frac{kg}{m*s^2}[/math] 101970 Pa = 101970 [math]\frac{N}{m^2}[/math] = 10.197 [math]\frac{N}{cm^2}[/math] 1 m = 100 cm therefor 1 m^2 = 100 * 100 cm^2 = 10,000 cm^2

LOL. I love this movie! ...you're under impression that what has been shown on these papers is objective truth.. but it might not be the case.. (compare official statements of some worldwide politicians versus what is found later by independent investigation and/or independent media, what I mean)

intuitively I see advanced extraterrestrial life forms to be like human botanist in the jungle/desert/arctic etc. researching new unknown species. If lion/tiger/bear/snake etc. does not attack botanist, animal under research is not harmed.. However some botanists can sacrifice themselves if animal under research is extremely rare and on the edge of extinction. They are fighting for resources and living space.. If overpopulation will progress, you will return to such path of evolution straight away, instead of peaceful cooperation and coexistence like now.

May I paraphrase your statement to: "Why would god reveal himself to TV, video, photo, celebrities loving etc. people, generally not-so-bright people, who spend half day on senseless job, and the rest watching TV, discussing senseless subjects (e.g. what celebrity did or said, what some politician did or said etc. etc.), basically wasting their time, and send Jesus at a time when there was very little people understanding him and knowing the all quantum physics etc. etc. ? Certainly he knew today's era was coming. Why not reveal all of that now? (i.e. future age in which everybody know the all quantum physics)" You can't trust videos or photos. See computer games, see movies. It's possible to replicate everything what you want in gfx. It's just a matter of time spend on it. Times when, at least from graphics point of view, games will be indistinguishable from the real world are "around the corner". More problematic is intelligence of artificial intelligence simulated units in the game. After a bit of talk it is quite obvious who is A.I. in the game, and who is not. You detect it not by visual appearance, but from quality of talk.. I have already addressed this issue couple times on this forum..

Billions of years ago there was no Solar System, as we know it now. It used to be cloud of gases Hydrogen and Helium, with trace of other elements. It used to be larger than entire Solar System, with very small density. It collapsed due to gravity. If small mass is unable to have gravitational effect on longer distances (you're claiming that even so small cosmic scale distances as solar distances), how could initial cloud collapse in the first place?

Do you know Newtonian classical physics? Mass is proportional to the force, while distance is inversely proportional to squared distance r. [math]F=\frac{GMm}{r^2}[/math] Double mass, with constant distance r, and you have force twice stronger. Double distance r, with constant mass m and M, and you have force four times weaker. Either mass m and M, or r can approach to infinity, resulting in meaningless small force from extraordinary distance. Meaningless small, below threshold at which somebody can detect and properly interpret such information.