Sensei

Arbitrary decision of IEEE float/double creators. For example, you (programmer) can by yourself decide that -128 means -infinity and +127 means +infinity and numbers between them -127....+126 are normal numbers (when working with 8 bit signed integer). Then overload operators +, -, *, /, comparison to support custom made infinities.

In the future, this problem (the most likely) won't exist, because the all other lifeforms will be eaten by hungry humans, on overpopulated Earth... Japan already have density of population like the Earth will have with 50 billions of people living at the same time. They right now have to import significant percentage of food from other countries. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/02/26/reference/japan-needs-imports-to-keep-itself-fed/#.WhN5FHndiHs "The Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry said in August that Japan’s food self-sufficiency in 2006 was 39 percent on a calorie basis and 68 percent in terms of the value of agricultural output." Right now, they can do that just because they are wealthy and other poorer countries have higher production than internal demand. But when the all other countries will have similar density of population, wealthy countries will be sucking in the production from poor countries, and hundred of millions (rather billions of people more realistically) from poorer countries will be seeking alternative sources of food, basically eat everything what they can find, including other humans in the extremities.. ps. I have nothing against Japan. They're just currently existing example of overpopulated country already. But in the case of collapse of global trading (as a result of f.e. nuclear war or other global disaster) they'll have problems the first..

Or nail is made of tin, and rock is warmer than 231.9 °C (that would be the easiest way to make this trick, as tin is widely available on the market). Or nail could be made of Mercury below -40 C. It has melting point ~ -38.83 °C. Or nail could be made of Sodium-Potassium NaK alloy. Melting point ~ -12 C. (that would explain why he is holding nail with gloves, to not start melting it by hand)

Generally, when you see "Observatory Stable" on wikipedia on Isotopes websites, theory states that some isotope should decay, but they don't want to decay in human enough to bother observation times.

How about reverse? "What is certainty?" Certainty is when everything goes the same way.. Universe that is repeated over and over again, exactly the same (boring) way.. Like in the movie.. When you watch it over and over again, it's still the same movie.. You can remember phrases said by actors before they even open mouth.. From time to time, "it's good to jump in and push some actors" to move differently.. LOL. ps. Sorry for jumping in, and pushing you in this direction, the next time, I will jump in, and push you in different direction.. I promise..

FTW is (also) Internet shortcut for Fuck The World.. Quite provocative content from your side.. They make provocative thread, you or other scientist should answers them in the best manner to learn them something.. If they want to learn, it'll be revealed during discussion.. That's scientists on this website who should show up from their the best side.. Imagine, 1000+ years later somebody, future archeologist is reading what webarchive collected, and reading what you or others wrote... Will he/she/it bother about what unknown entity wrote, or bother what you personally wrote on forum? You wrote thousands posts here.. while entity jumped in, wrote couple or just one provocative post, and escaped, while thread started living its own life for days or weeks...

Forum software asks you to register and log in, so it has chance to detect things like that. User makes questions and/or answers them. Forum software knows you're logged in (or not logged in). It's (session id) stored (the most likely) in cookies (rarely in URI/URL) these days. Just look at cookies/URI, write code that will try to connect to some website from PHP/Java/C/C++/.NET Framework, and everything will be revealed how it was implemented.. It's quite interesting subject by itself. Especially if you are owner of service like Google/Facebook or want to emit ad about whatever you want to sell to people using Internet as medium. IT businesses have much more wider knowledge about visitors than for example television or radio stations, which would love to know what IT knows about their customers, to better address their ads.. One of method of showing list of websites is showing them by popularity (view count). If view counter is abused by programmers who made bots visiting multiple (or millions/billions) times, their website is showed prior the rest. But these views are not from the real people.. IT business owners are trying to fight with it by using various techniques (mentioned above and in the previous post).

That all depends on code of website. f.e. you have PHP code: <?php $counter = file_get_contents( "counter.txt" ); printf( "Counter %d<br />\n", $counter ); $counter++; file_put_contents( "counter.txt", $counter ); ?> (at first you will have warning, because of not existing counter.txt file) It'll increase by 1 every time you click Refresh button in web browser. Detection of "unique visitors" (that's proper name for it), is much more complicated, and requires knowledge who is visiting website (logging to website and registration). Not always (rarely) the same IP address of visitor means it's "unique visitor" (some people might have private and/or dynamic IP addresses, which will cause problems counting by IP). Say you go to website from your home, then you go from work, then from your smartphone, then you go from free wifi in the market etc. etc. Each time it's different IP address.. Is it unique visitor, or should be counted separately (and increase counter)? If programmer will modify code to use cookies, to store boolean "visited this website" information, it can easily being misused by hackers or other people (programmers) who will find it.. and unique counter will stop counting the right people again..

No. Geiger is detecting ionization. It does not tell what is source of ionization. Organic matter (your body) is slightly radioactive because of presence of radioactive isotopes of Carbon-14 and Potassium-40. Either Carbon-14 and Potassium-40 are decaying via beta decay minus, emitting electron and antineutrino (ionizing radiation). Do you have prism? Try splitting light to see spectral lines.. Plasma globe is toy, but discharge tubes are equipment for scientists-to-be. Light from them you split on prism to see spectral lines.

Why do you need overclocking at all? Are you processing a lot of data? What kind of data? You can gain much more if you will rewrite code from scratch, using different language.. f.e. code is written in Java, rewrite it in .NET Framework C/C++, if it's slow in .NET Framework, rewrite it in external C/C++ DLL, and call it from .NET app. If it's not using multi-threading, try splitting task to multiple threads/cores.. If it's not using GPU, rewrite code using CUDA/OpenCL, at least the most time consuming tasks.. Certainly wrong (too large simplification). CPU is responsible for sending data to GFX card memory (3D objects and textures mostly). If it's not able to deliver data fast enough, GPU will have to wait for them.. In some games CPU is also responsible for collision detection, and vertex transformations of organic matter. Not to mention about AI of bots..

I'll assume it's (evacuated) air. Otherwise no info available. Discharge tubes are filled by gas. Different colors, different gases. Are you talking about plasma globe.. ? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_globe "Although many variations exist, a plasma lamp is usually a clear glass sphere filled with a mixture of various gases (most commonly neon, sometimes with other noble gases such as argon, xenon and krypton) at nearly atmospheric pressure."

It's experimental physics. You read it from the table. Different mediums, different gases, different mixtures of gases, will have slightly different breakdown voltage. It'll also change with pressure, so at altitude 10 km it won't be the same as here on the ground. It's often used in obsolete electronics, vacuum tubes (or with some gas evacuated partially) - decrease gas pressure and have smaller voltage needed to cause flow of electrons. Just buy vacuum pump ($300-$500) on eBay or lab equipment store and you will be playing with it. High voltage you can make using Cockcroft-Walton generator. Different quantity of diodes - different voltage.

It's inverse square law. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law Unstable point particle can decay randomly uniformly in the all directions. When they pass through medium, they ionize it, and electrons from negatively charged electrode find path through medium (air or other gas typically), to positive electrode. Yes, smaller breakdown voltage is needed to initiate flow of electrons. Because there are electric charged particles in medium, which helps electrons to flow through it.

Simplifying, some radioactive decay produces highly accelerated charged particles. When they pass through medium, they ionize atoms and molecules, and electrons from medium are ejected. When you will charge capacitor (two electrodes, one will have abundance of electrons, second one will have absence of electrons), and start ionizing medium between them, current will flow through medium closing your circuit. Use this information for transistor to increase power and then further to speaker, and you have radioactivity meter. It takes time to load capacitor, it takes some time to discharge capacitor. So it does not tick at every single event on quantum level. Air medium requires high voltage, that's why in circuit presented by Studiot, there is voltage amplifier. Radioactivity can cause ionization of atoms and molecules. That's the same like with Cloud Chamber. These traces are visible just because electric charged particles passed through medium, ionizing it. Electric neutral particles don't leave traces. Which gas is ionized in your discharge tube? They produce UV ionizing photons. ps. Why is it in Speculation? So far there was no speculation (and I hope so it'll remain this way!), so it should be in mainstream physics section instead. ps2. +1 for interesting subject to discuss.

If charge of anti-particle would not be opposite of what you have in particle, you could not get electric neutral photons as a result of their annihilation..

The most likely, because of overpopulation, the future wars will be for food and water, to be able to survive.. Starving people can be desperate.

The easiest collision detection is between two spheres. Simply calculate distance between centers and if it's higher than sum of their radii, two spheres didn't collide. In 3D computer graphics it's often used as 1st step for more detailed collision detection.

Who said so there is objective morality? In many cases, what is good for you, is bad for somebody else... But you don't want to see it (or don't understand it correctly).. Do you want examples? 1) You are eating great meal. But somebody had to die, whether it's animal or plant, they had to die to became yours delicious meal.. You don't treat animals or plants the same as humans.. You believe in "human supremacy" over the all living organisms.. (I am eating meat everyday as well, to not be hypocrite) This "problem" will solve by itself in the near future (as long as there will be no nuclear wars nor other mass extinction).. When there will be too large population of humans, people won't be able to keep enough animals and enough plants on this planet (right now 1 person "owns" ("leases") 143x143 m^2 of Earth area (divide area of land of this planet by number of people 7.5 bln), to have enough food for everybody. So there will be needed to genetically modify microorganisms to produce human needed organic molecules straight away, without having to have animal or plant farms (they won't be needed anymore, so they will extinct).. 2) You are on this planet just because ~ 65 millions years ago, this planet was hit by cosmic object. From your point of view, it's great to be here alive, but dinosaurs (and majority of living organisms at that time) had to die. You wouldn't like to be them, extincted caused by cosmic event, do you.. ? ps. Discussion about morality of naked people, or having sex in whatever configuration, etc. etc. is for people with brains smaller than nuts.. ps2. Many orthodox Christian people consider abortion (or even anti-conception) as sins... Because of their incompetence, they want to living already humans, move closer to death, because of overpopulation, which will cause mass starvation, emigration, crimes committed to get food and survive.. Humans must get out of this planet in 300,000 people per day, or mass abortion, and everyday anti-conception are inevitable, and required to delay doomsday, because of overpopulation.. Who is against abortion, and is against anti-conception, is actually helping destroying this planet, and helping killing (with delay) hundred already living millions of people..

If you need to put energy to split molecule, atom or nucleus, and then decay releases even more energy, it's called activation energy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_energy But in the case of nuclear bomb, there is no needed to put any energy. It happens spontaneously. If we would have to put energy to perform nuclear reaction, none nuclear plant would explode, as shutting it down, would require just shutting down external source of energy. But to shut down nuclear plant, there is needed to get rid of neutron reflectors (if they are present) and replace them by neutron absorbers. Pipes with special metal (or material) are kept by electromagnets above pellets with Uranium, and when there is emergency situation, electromagnets stop working, and pipes with neutron absorbers are going down just because of gravitation, and spontaneous nuclear reaction is shut down.

If you would be true scientist you would make model where laws of physics change over time, and how much they change. From predictions from model, try to search for physical evidence proving or disproving your model. If gravity would be weakening with time, there would be no such thing as "ground" anymore. The all particles of this planet are kept together by gravitation (and at short distance by electrostatic forces). So after turning off gravitation, the all planets, the all stars, would stop existing as one solid piece, and the all their particles fly away in the all directions.

92Uranium-235 when it's bombarded by free neutrons it's decaying to f.e. 56Barium-141, 36Krypton and couple new free neutrons. These free neutrons are hitting new Uranium-235 atom, and process is repeated. Uranium-235 has slightly higher rest-mass than sum of rest-masses of Barium, Krypton and couple neutrons. Energy released by reaction is calculated in similar way as I showed in thread from my signature. It's not energy from nothing. It's energy that has been stored billions years ago during supernova explosion.

Therefor light from flame should be split by prism to be able see spectral lines..

Everything (electron, positron, photon, proton, neutron, neutrino, antineutrino) is tiny bit needed.. f.e. without neutrons atoms would have different mass, different recoil effect, different melting/boiling points, with significant absence of neutrons, atoms would be extremely radioactive, and decaying via positron emission (aka beta decay plus). Positrons play significant role in the first stage of fusion in stars. Neutrinos take a bit of energy from stars, and influencing their life cycle, and temperature.

Chemicals that lead to ignition after adding water, very often are producing gaseous Hydrogen (water molecule is split to gaseous Hydrogen and Oxygen). Then Hydrogen gas is exploding after contact with fire (and there is presence of enough amount of Oxygen). Try taking what you have in cold pack, and what you think is ammonium nitrate, and mix it with sugar. If it's ammonium nitrate, you will have similar result as this one:

Enter "lab glassware" in the Google, and you have list of companies selling it, f.e. eBay: https://www.ebay.com/b/Lab-Glassware/11812/bn_16563431 ps. You should get brand lab glassware. f.e. Pyrex. ps2. Mass spectrometers can cost hundred thousands dollars..