Sensei

Availability of software on Windows is much better. There is also more programmers writing software, and it's more often learned in schools. So if you will need custom written tool, you can ask and pay any programmer/IT student. With Mac it won't be so simple. Here, in my neighborhood, I am the only one Macintosh user I know (I must admit, very rare user, only if I have to compile my applications for MacOS X, because they're developed on Windows). Perhaps in USA it could be different though. What are specs of your current laptop? And what specs you are interested in? If you have dual-core, obviously there will be sense getting quad-core, but if you already have quad-core laptop, getting anything slower than quad-core will be insane. If you like movability, 13" LED or 10" display will be better, than 17"+ display, as they are 2-3 times more heavier.. But 17"+ is better for you eyes if you have to work long time staring on the screen. If it's HDD space problem, replace it by new one with greater size, or SDD (they have smaller capacity though and more expensive, but you won't bother about walking with it turned on). If it's HDD space, also you can get external USB HDD. If it's poor quality monitor, you will have to see display of new laptop prior buying to check whether quality is better. That depends on what hardware they have built-in by manufacturer. You can't touch non-touchable screen obviously.. If it's touchable, the next question is about precision. One touch screen can detect pressure of touch, while other doesn't. LOL. At that time, people "pray" for any computer to have.. IMHO tablet is good as clock, and for checking whether your software is good working on them.

GOTO is essential instruction in machine code/assembly.. JMP (JuMP to absolute address) and BRA (Branch Relative Address given as offset). GOSUB is nothing different from JSR (Jump to Sub-Routine absolute address) or BSR (Branch to Sub-Routine relative address given as offset).

Is = operator of comparison? Is > operator of greater than? Is * operator of multiplication? Do 0 means what it means for everybody in this world? What does operator ~ ? In programming it's bitwise NOT operator. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operations_in_C#Bitwise_NOT_.22.7E.22_.2F_one.27s_complement_.28unary.29 What is default operator between ~L and L in statement ~LL ?

So what's the problem?? Giving final answer for homework question, is helping in cheating.

Somebody who is asking for help (on forum), should reveal what he/she did to try to solve question, and asking whether it's correct answer.. Somebody who is asking just for final result has none his/her own calculations..

Title of thread contradicts the main post.. 400 ly = 122.7 parsecs. It's neighborhood. Milky Way galaxy. Here is 3D map of stars generated by my application. Sphere in the center (there is Sun, and Earth) has radius 122.7 pc. 30k-40k stars in this range in above screen-shot.

Acetone has boiling point 56 C. Ethanol has boiling point 78 C, 22 C more than acetone. Less energy is needed to change state of matter of acetone to vapor than ethanol.

8.8.8.4 is not Google DNS server. https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/public-dns-discuss/shbRoNS8G1E It's 8.8.4.4 according to above thread https://developers.google.com/speed/public-dns/docs/using See Google website. BTW, Google DNS are not very fast. I have here 32 ms ping delay. Try by yourself in cmd.exe > ping 8.8.8.8 Pinging 8.8.8.8 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 8.8.8.8: bytes=32 time=32ms TTL=45 Reply from 8.8.8.8: bytes=32 time=32ms TTL=45 Reply from 8.8.8.8: bytes=32 time=32ms TTL=45 From my ISP DNS servers I have 11 ms instead. Nearly 3 times faster response. Faster is cmd.exe, ipconfig /all

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37764327 If it's true then parrots in America should be more closely related to Siberian's parrots, than the one in Africa. Comparison of fossils from Africa, Siberia, and America, should prove or disprove it. Also American's fossils cannot be elder than the one found in Siberia, which also cannot be elder than in Africa. (also Canadian's parrots fossils must be elder than further on the south) Other migration routes are also possible (like from America -> Asia -> Africa, or Asia->America->Africa, or Africa<-Asia->Africa).

Personally I would search for "microscope usb" on eBay/Amazon (microscope with USB camera), to be able to send data through USB, to see it on computer monitor, and record it to video file. Don't mix it with "USB microscope" as they're for electricians and engineers, usually cheap and poor made. There are also microscopes with built-in LCD monitor. They have cards for storing photos and/or videos recorded. Bresser with LCD built-in monitor for $180 https://www.amazon.com/Bresser-5201000-LCD-Microscope-8-9cm-3-5-Inch/dp/B001ARF1RY/ Mustcam with LCD built-in monitor for $135 https://www.amazon.com/Mustcam-Stand-Alone-3-5-inches-Magnification-Measurement/dp/B00V361LFI/

Typical bottle of vinegar here has 500 mL 10%. So there is 50 mL of acetic acid in it. It has density close to 1.05 g/cm^3. So it's approximately 52.5 grams. Molar mass of acetic acid is 60.052 g/mol. 52.5 g / 60.052 g/mol = 0.874 mol Sodium Bicarbonate has ~ 84 g/mol 0.874 mol * 84 g/mol = ~ 73.4 grams of Sodium Bicarbonate is needed per 500 mL of vinegar. And water molecule to balance equation. NaHCO3+CH3COOH->CH3COONa+CO2+H2O

Beta particle could be electron, or positron. Depending on whether it's from beta decay minus, or beta decay plus. You can create both at the same time, in pair production: [math]\gamma + 1.022 MeV \rightarrow e^- + e^+[/math] Carbon C-14 is decaying by beta decay minus: Carbon-14 -> Nitrogen-14 + e- + Ve + 0.156476 MeV If your mass is 80 kg, you have approximately 7.427*10^14 Carbon C-14 unstable isotopes in your body. (assuming 18.5% is Carbon, and 1 ppt is C-14)

On wikipedia page of Voynich manuscript, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voynich_manuscript there is no single word about Wales/Welsh language. So, where did you get idea that modern Welsh, should be used in, presumably, "middle ages", manuscript? Shouldn't you learn original Middle Ages Welsh, and use it instead of current one.. ? (similarly like current English language and old-English) Or you think Welsh language didn't evolve any single bit in the latest 600 years? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Welsh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welsh

I don't think so there will be any significant differences than with piece of ice, with mentioned by you dimensions. So why exactly analyzing pee, instead of simply, neutral to readers, ice chunk? How did you get to such conclusion? Can you show math, step by step. If there is no air (f.e. atmosphere-less planet with vacuum around), there is nothing to stop acceleration of failing object. What equation is allowing to calculate it? Then it's what you know is maximum, without any air/gas influence. Result of your further equation, which includes influence of air/gas, must be smaller that above velocity. ps. Wouldn't be better to start with sphere with radius r, than cylinder? Sphere will have at least constant "bottom" area, contacting with air below it while failing. ps2. Did you convert units appropriately? Cylinder has dimensions in cm, while equation probably have it in meters. The same with density (typically it is in tables in g/cm3).

To my knowledge Energy is a quantity which can not be localized. It's like a wave and is distributed all over system. But you're considering a locality for it. Particles during their collisions and interactions are scattered in the all directions randomly. You don't know where is particle until it hits you, being decelerated, and give away its energy. After that it's no longer "excited". System under observation has changed. The smaller system under observation (like one unstable isotope which is decaying to daughter isotope and alpha,beta,gamma f.e.), the more devastating result to system. It's often called "collapse of wave-function" while analyze of what happens with electrons around nucleus. From all random possibilities they can be, there is appearing one definite state. Particle accelerators have vacuum chambers (spherical,cylindrical) with detectors of photons around it's inner surface. There is interaction of particles in the center of sphere f.e. annihilation, or decay of neutral pion meson. And two gamma photons go in two opposite directions of chamber. It has thousands of detectors on inner surface. One photon hits at one spot at time t0, second photon hits at opposite spot at time t1. From where they hit, with what delays between them, there is calculated, where used to be place of annihilation or decay in the center of sphere.

Relativistic Doppler effect has formula [math]f=f_0\sqrt{\frac{1+v}{1-v}}[/math] or [math]f=f_0\sqrt{\frac{1-v}{1+v}}[/math] which is the same as: [math]f=f_0(1+v)\gamma[/math] or [math]f=f_0(1-v)\gamma[/math]

In quantum physics we have collisions, interactions, scattering of particles. One particle hits other, giving its entire or part of energy, and accelerating second particle. Photon is absorbed by first particle, particle is accelerated, it hits second particle, and new photon appears (this way we can learn collision has happened, because photon is then absorbed by our eye/detector) Newly created photon can have smaller energy than originally absorbed one had initially. In such case the rest of energy remain as property of first particle. It's still accelerated, but to smaller velocity. And can hit, scatter with other particles. From one gamma photon with f.e. 116 keV there could be created this way 50000 green photons with 2.32 eV each. And then further to even more quantity of photons with even lower energies each, in infrared and then microwave range. Suppose so we're accelerating electrons in electric field. U = 1000 Volts. Maximum kinetic energy of single electron will be up to 1000 eV. After hitting stationary matter, this kinetic energy will be lost by electron, it will be decelerated, and up to 1000 eV photon could be created. While passing through cloud of electrons in this stationary matter, electron will ionize matter: give away it's entire or part of kinetic energy, and accelerating these electrons, so they will be ejected from their atoms in the all directions. Once they are attracted back by atom, they have to emit photons (spectral lines), and these photons are detected by our eye/detector, thus we see event. Energy could be imagined/modeled as fluid, which is transferred from one quantum object (particle) to other quantum object, or their groups. Particles are carriers of energy. ps. Are you humanist.. ?

I am using caustic soda (NaOH) for this kind of job. The last time two days ago. But you need to be sure what kind of material pipes are made of. Because Aluminium pipes will react with it. And too large amount (or too many times used) could destroy/damage them. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FllkuxXM6cE

KOH reacts with CO2 from air creating K2CO3 and KHCO3. If you will have it in solution, with ready access of air (attach air pump for aquarium, if you want to accelerate it), it will happen spontaneously. Do you have it in solution or solid? If it's solid, keep it in hermetic container (it catches water and carbon dioxide from air). If it's in solution, you can boil entire water, to turn it to solid, and keep this way. Did you try making auction on f.e. eBay?

There is quite plentiful of Baryons which have either strange or charm in their structure, but they're very short living particles. As we can see on f.e. wiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baryons Lambda, Sigma, Xi.. Mean-life in range ~ 10^-22 s ...10^-10 s Kaon in quark model have strange with anti-up, anti-strange with up, etc. Otherwise fractional electric charged particles would be created. While there is made K- (S=-1) there must be also created other Kaon which will have (S=+1), to conserve Strangeness.

You have remains of strong acid SO42- mixed with remains of weaker acids NO3- and H2PO4- (or PO43- 2H+ ) mixed with ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ which are often creating compounds barely soluble in water.. f.e. CaSO4 is barely soluble in water. and has milky look. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate "Solubility in water 0.21g/100ml at 20 °C (anhydrous)[1] 0.24 g/100ml at 20 °C (dihydrate)[2]" Put solution on shelf for couple hours and see whether there is gathering precipitate on the bottom of flask after a while. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry) If you mix f.e. silver nitrate salt solution with potassium chloride salt solution, there is precipitating solid AgCl on the bottom, while potassium nitrate will remain dissolved. Because silver chloride is barely soluble in water. Probably you have similar reaction.

Strange quark has charge -1/3e Up quark and charm quark have charge +2/3e -1/3e + 2/3e = +1/3e giving abnormally charged meson.. Unless you/he meant something else than what you quoted here? Meson should have one matter quark and one anti-matter quark. In such configuration, the only allowed are -1e, 0e, +1e (integer multiplies of e). So anti-strange quark with charge +1/3e and up/charm quark, will have +1/3e + 2/3e = +1e Charged particles are easily detected as they leave trace in particle detectors f.e. Cloud Chamber or Bubble Chamber.. You/he should learn about kaons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon It's combination of strange and anti-up/anti-down, or anti-strange with up/down.

Mass of electron. Just example of how to convert mass in kg, to Joules, then to eV energy unit, then to eV/c^2 mass unit. There is pair production. High energy gamma photon with energy equal or higher than 1.022 MeV after collision with other particle can create pair of electron (matter) and positron (antimatter): [math]\gamma + 1.022 MeV \rightarrow e^- + e^+[/math] Mass of electron/positron is ~ 0.511 MeV/c^2. So you see energy of photon = ( mass of electron + mass of positron ) * c^2. If incoming photon has higher energy, then newly created electron and positron are accelerated. No need to apology.

Neutrinos don't have fixed rest-mass, nor fixed relativistic-mass/energy. You should learn how to create neutrinos in the first place. The most common way is fusion of two protons: [math]p^+ + p^+ \rightarrow D^+ + e^+ + v_e + 0.42 MeV[/math] Neutrino made in this reaction can be any energy between 0 to 420 keV. If electron has more kinetic energy, neutrino has less, and vice versa. Old method of detection of neutrinos is reaction with Chlorine-37: [math]^{37}Cl + v_e + 0.814 MeV \rightarrow ^{37}Ar + e^-[/math] As we can see neutrino made in previous reaction cannot trigger this reaction, as they have up to 420 keV, while Chlorine-37 must have neutrinos with energy above 814 keV! Electron capture is example reaction which creates neutrinos always with fixed relativistic-mass/energy. f.e. [math]^{37}Ar + e^- \rightarrow ^{37}Cl + v_e + 0.814 MeV[/math] (but it must be exclusive decay mode of isotope)

You are missing one key important thing: paid upgrades. If thing is done absolutely perfect since the beginning, there is no room for improvement, so no 2nd, nor 3rd time, paid upgrade. Actually hardware manufacturers do the same. CPU makers have 2 generations higher technology available, but push older architecture to retail customers, sell it for astonishing prices, fill market, and then 2-4 years later they release what they had at hand couple years ago. When they have at hand completely new architecture.. And delay release of it, to not cut branch they're sitting on.