Sensei

Do you realize that below North Pole there is no land? It's melting and freezing every year. The question is only - how much of its area is melting and how much of area is freezing back. You can see North Pole web cams here http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/gallery_np.html These cameras are drifting. Path they traveled is on first picture on the right. Animation made of photos took in couple months:

2,4,8,10 cases can be much easier: We use binary and operator to get rid of upper part of value, and check remaining by comparing it with 0: if( ( value & 0x1 ) == 0 ) // dividable by 2 if( ( value & 0x3 ) == 0 ) // dividable by 4 if( ( value & 0x7 ) == 0 ) // dividable by 8 (this can be extended to any 2^x) Value is dividable by 10, if modulo 10 is returning 0: if( ( value % 10 ) == 0 ) // dividable by 10 if( ( value % 100 ) == 0 ) // dividable by 100 if( ( value % 1000 ) == 0 ) // dividable by 1000

Content of stars were known even in XIX century because of spectroscopy.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy

Surprisingly, Andrea Rossi answers are very mainstream.. According to http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0608229 there was used electric arc 5 J (they did not tell in description what current and what voltage, perhaps U>800,000 V with very small current I=6.25*10^-6 A.. ?) To create single neutron from proton and electron there is needed 0.782+ MeV energy, which is 1.252764E-013 Joules. 5 J is billions time more energy than needed for single neutron creation. I read somewhere on the net that after analyze of used neon lighting tube there has been found unexpected isotopes in it (they emit light because of electric arc passing through noble gas ionizing it)

f.e. - make all containers for food with bail, so majority of them won't end up in trash, but producer who made them (and knows exactly what is it made of). - recommend using glass for containers (so it'll simplify reusing). - make public transport ticket free, so people will leave car at home and use bus/train. One bus is equal to 1 km of two passes road full of cars. Calculate fuel burned by them.. - entirely switch to using solar panels. Government could create public company with the only aim- invent efficient, produce and install solar panels on roofs or walls of the all citizen homes for free. Unlike private companies, public company don't need to make money by selling goods.

Not to mention bacterias and viruses...

Mechanism for Brownian motion is conservation of energy and momentum.. Every single day gases in atmosphere are heated by photons, accelerated, then giving their kinetic energy to surrounding them gas particles, then to solids and liquids on the ground. And energy is spread across all particles. If Sun photons would stop arriving to Earth, all gas would freeze, and you would no longer have Brownian motion.

Hawking radiation is hypothetical. You shouldn't talk about it as something verified and confirmed.

Are you kidding? Temperature change graph in the last 1000 years is not enough? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_record_of_the_past_1000_years To calculate past temperature before invention of thermometer there are used f.e. tree rings . Read article. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroclimatology

If you would have f.e. array overflow on stack or structure, you would be reading wrong values in data prior, or after field that has overflow. f.e. struct X { float data1; char data2[ 10 ]; float data3; }; X x; x.data2[ -1 ] = 123; // array entry at index -1 is in reality data1 x.data2[ 10 ] = 456; // array entry at index 10 is in reality data3 It happens more often than you think- typically index to array is dynamic, not static like in example above. So there might happen some bug causing reading/writing from negative index, and reading/writing wrong value from/to wrong place.

That's completely not needed to anything.. Aether is XIX century hypothetical medium through which light propagates.. After finding out light is particle, you don't need medium anymore. Medium was needed for waves, by analogy- wave of sound needs air (typically), wave on water needs water etc. So XIX century physicists were applying this analogy also to light. That's a good explanation and answer but I cannot think of any mechanism in particular to explain how this could work since microwaves are readily absorbed if not reflected. See Shawyer engine - it's cone. Bottom of cone has PI*r^2 area, while the rest has much higher area (and the sharper cone, the higher area). For length = 4m, radius = 1m, you will have areas like on below picture: If ratio of photons that are absorbed/reflected is always the same, cone will absorb much more photons than its bottom.

This is kinda silly. Is microwave photon creating aether? Is there infinite amount of aether, so it can flow outside of device forever? Is aether particle, so it can escape some system? "low pressure of aether, high pressure of aether" this sounds like aether is kind of particle that is pressing on some area, and occupying some volume.. Then why not simplify it and say that some microwave photons escape system, while other one are absorbed by engine.. ? You're contradicting your own model... If aether is readily flowing through regular matter, how can there be "lower pressure of aether, or higher pressure of aether"... ?

Even different length, size and shapes of the same material are giving different sound...

Good that we have free Internet where you can learn everything.. Worser will be when every web page will be paid.

Nonsensical, completely irrational, and IMHO illegal tax. Against the main rule of justice: "there is no crime, if there is no victims" (which is violated in just modern centuries XX-XXI on mass scale). Even worse: paid before any hypothetical violation really had place. Like you would have tax for cars, added to its price in the shop, just in case it'll be used in accident and perhaps blindside pedestrian... ps. We have such here also.. List of countries, and tax amount (not complete AFAICS) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_copying_levy tax 36 euros for digital video recorder?! tax 18 euros for hard disk?!

Because it's particle. Are you aware that we can create electron and positron pair from single photon that has energy > 1.022 MeV? y -> e- + e+ Typically photon has to hit some nucleus to produce pair. The higher energy of photon can produce other pairs of particles. Photons with extreme energies are creating shower of new particles. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray Photoelectric effect is just one of many effects confirming particle nature of light. Photon-atom interactions video:

In this thread I showed how to measure gravitational acceleration, at home doing experiment: http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/84336-if-pi-ratio-was-squared-and-98-mss-how-would-this-change-the-whole-of-science/?p=815752

This is critique of Guido Fetta's engine, not Roger Shawyer engine..

If you don't know how scientists are checking what is charge of particle we see, or its mass, you should ask such questions in the mainstream physics part of this forum, and you will get answer.

Make theory that does agree with experimental data, instead of one that is directly contradicting them.. IMHO Nope. Neutron has mass-energy 939.565 MeV, proton has 938.272 MeV, electron has 0.510999 MeV, antineutrino + kinetic energy = 0.782 MeV. Sum of input mass-energy is equal to sum of output products. Nothing is created from nowhere, nothing is vanishing. If particle accelerator will create relativistic velocity particle, energy will be conserved - in high kinetic energy of new particles that will be created (for instance). That energy won't vanish. You don't believe in annihilation?? Nothing is appearing from nowhere, nor doesn't disappear. Do you meant virtual particles?

Have you heard about Positronium? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium or exotic atom made of antiproton-helium nucleus? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiprotonic_helium Once electron collides with positron there is annihilation. Once antiproton collides with nucleus there is annihilation. Have you heard about "breaking radiation" Bremsstrahlung? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung f.e. positive ion is attracting free electron, which is emitting photon and loses kinetic energy.. and it's slowed down, or intercepted by nucleus..

Kramer, you don't understand how particle accelerators are used to detect new particles.. Proton at rest is accelerated to relativistic velocities (v > 0.9c), gaining relativistic mass (in some interpretations), have large kinetic energy, then collided with other particles (typically at rest). From their large kinetic energy there is created shower of new particles, that are usually unstable and decaying quickly. X-rays are/were used to take hundred photos, with slightly delay between them, revealing traces leaved by them in f.e. liquid Hydrogen (Bubble Chamber). The large mass of W Boson most likely is not measured in normal neutron at rest that's decaying to proton, electron and antineutrino. Read this http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/particle_creation.html

No, it's not false. It's fact. On ISS weight device won't work, but you can easily make experiment: take 1 kg ball of iron, 2 kg ball of iron, 4 kg ball of iron. Then apply the same known force F to all 3 objects. And you will see that the more massive 4 kg is accelerated less than 2 kg, which is accelerated less than 1 kg. You need to spend more energy for acceleration to the same velocity, the more heavy is object. The same applies to quantum world - in uniform known electric field, more massive ion will be accelerated to smaller velocity than less massive one. Thus revealing their masses. It's used by mass spectrometry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry Electron (with mass me=9.11*10^-31 kg) in 1 Volt potential difference has 1 eV kinetic energy. 1 eV = 1.602*10^-19 Joules. E.K.=1/2*me*v^2 so v = sqrt( E.K.*2/me ) = sqrt( 1.602*10^-19 * 2 / 9.11*10^-31 ) = 593044 m/s Now replace me by mp mass of proton, helium or other particle and repeat calcs.. v= sqrt( E.K.*2/mp ) = sqrt( 1.602*10^-19 * 2 / 1.67*10^-27 ) = 13851 m/s The more mass has particle, or object, the more you must spend energy to accelerate it. You're completely ignoring it in your hypothesis. Sum of masses of your sub-particles that are in electron must be 9.11*10^-31 kg Sum of masses of your sub-particles that are in proton must be 1.67*10^-27 kg etc. with the all other isotopes of all elements. Nope. But I don't know details how it was calculated/measured. And it's not subject of this thread. That's exactly reverse - because of their ridiculous high masses, conservation of mass-energy won't be possible. Mass of substance, that's uniform (made of the same particles, same molecules), tells us quantity of particles. And this knowledge is used by chemists for at least 250 years. f.e. 12 grams of Carbon-12 has 6.022141*10^23 atoms of Carbon. 56 grams of Iron-56 has 6.022141*10^23 atoms of Iron.

Neutron bombardment was in supernova (in large quantity), billions years ago. That's how isotopes heavier than Iron were created (regular star fusion ends up on Iron). Stable isotopes remained that way until now. Unstable isotopes decayed and concentrated at more stable isotopes (like Uranium). Th-237 + n0 -> Th-238 Thorium-238 -> Protactinium-238 + e- + Ve + 1.86299 MeV Protactinium-238 -> Uranium-238 + e- + Ve + 3.45752 MeV We can take any isotope in the lab, and bombard it by free neutrons (from Beryllium-9 because it's isotope that has the lowest energy needed to split it to Be-8 and free neutron) and produce new isotope, whatever you like. Majority of elements with Z>92 are synthesized in the labs. The all Plutonium used in nuclear weapons is made by human using U-238 and Deuterium. List of synthetic elements, made by human: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_element Neutron capture article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_capture Read also about s-process and r-process, to learn how your Thorium was created in the first place: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-process http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-process

You misunderstand what is mass, what is energy, what is force. You can place object on weight, and measure its mass (rest-mass). It doesn't diminish with distance. We're in the same frame of reference as measured by us object. If you have 1 gram of water it's 1/18 = 0.055555 mol = 3.3456*10^22 molecules of H2O. Equal to 3.3456*10^22 atoms of Oxygen and 6.69*10^22 atoms of Hydrogen.. Each of them have mass 0.018 kg / 6.022141e23 = 2.989*10^-26 kg. Mass of single molecule of water multiplied by above quantity = 1 gram. If you move 1 meter or 1 km or 1 billion km from it, it's still the same quantity of particles. For pretty pure materials like water it's easy to make such calculations. What is diminishing with inverse-square law is force of electrostatic attraction/repelling between charged particles, and force of gravitational attraction between any particles. Planck energy = 1.956 × 109 J But 2.5220631*10^41 * 6.62607e-34 = 167113666.45 J I pay no attention to Planck units, except to Planck const (and reduced). And you're overestimating them (like in thread about Planck charge year ago, which has no meaning in quantum physics)..