caters

DNA replication, Transcription, and Translation all use ATP. But how much ATP is needed for these processes? Now I understand that it would require that I know the numbers for each kind of nucleotide in the genome. For individual genes, that is easy but for the whole genome it would require that I know the ratios as well as the fact that we have approximately 6 billion nucleotides in our genome to get a good approximation. The reason for me asking this is because when I have built the cell from scratch I want to know if 50 nanograms of glucose is enough for all cellular processes to happen up to and including mitosis assuming that my cell produces 36 ATP per glucose and is thus a very efficient cell. This 50 nanograms I got from taking the daily value of glucose in grams and dividing it by the molar mass of glucose to get moles. I then took the number of moles and converted it to molecules. I then divided the number of molecules by the number of cells (which is around 3 trillion) to get molecules of glucose per cell. I then converted it back to moles and finally grams. After that I put it in the most convenient unit with a metric prefix which is nanograms. Specifically I did this: 150 grams glucose/180 g/mol = 5/6 moles glucose. 5/6 moles * 6.022*10^23 molecules/mole = 501,833,333,333,333,333,333,333 molecules glucose 501,833,333,333,333,333,333,333 molecules/3,000,000,000,000 cells = 167,277,777,778 molecules glucose per cell 167,277,777,778 molecules/6.022 * 10^23 molecules/mole = 2.7*10^(-13) moles per cell 2.7*10^(-13) moles * 180 g/mol = .00000000005 grams per cell = 50 nanograms per cell

I have heard more along the lines of the newborn stage being from birth to 3 months and that sometimes being called the fourth trimester since the baby still wants the mother's comfort and warmth and to hear hear heartbeat and lots of other things and that 3 months old is the end of the gestation period.

Well the reason I have H2O+NaCl(aq) instead of 2 H2O+NaCl(aq) is because the water that reacts is equal to the water that is made

Given a 1M concentration of HCL and NaOH here are the pHs: pH of HCL: 1 pH of NaOH: 13-14 and of course water has a pH of 7. Here is a reaction that is most likely to occur: HCl+NaOH+H2O->H2O+NaCl(aq) However I think that other reactions are theoretically possible. Like for example theoretically sodium oxides could form from the OH− taking a proton from another hydroxide anion thus giving you O2− which could react with the sodium to give you Na2O which is a sodium oxide. I also think that theoretically Cl− could steal electrons from the OH− since Cl can exceed an octet of electrons. This would give you neutral OH which could then react with another chloride anion to give you OHCl−(not sure if formula is written right or if it would be negatively charged) or in other words chlorine hydroxide. The proton could then be taken by another hydroxide anion giving you OCl also known as chlorine monoxide which could react with another chlorine to give you OCl2 which is dichlorine monoxide. So why does the formation of sodium oxides, chlorine hydroxides, and chlorine oxides not happen to a small extent when you react NaOH with HCl in aqueous solution?

How would I know what muscles contract and which ones relax during each phase of a particular movement such as walking? I mean for the arms and legs that is pretty easy. I can just feel my own muscle and see if it feels smaller or bigger during each phase to know whether it is contracting or relaxing. However the glutei and abs are also involved in walking. In particular the glutei in the forward movement of the leg and the abs for stability. For me it is not as easy to feel the muscle to know whether it is contracting or relaxing when it comes to the glutei or abs, especially the abs. So how would I know whether the glutei and abs are contracting or relaxing during each phase? This is important because I want to be able to program a human cyborg and to do that I need not only human cells that have been assembled into organs but also some way of connecting it's brain to a computer without burning the brain in the process so that I can program it. These organs have been assembled cell by cell so that for example the heart has X cardiac muscle cells and Y neurons per cubic millimeter on average. When I program it, it is like this: The program says to me in a female voice "Select cyborg" and I select human. The program then says "Connect cyborg to computer to continue" and I do so. The program then says "Select organ" and I select the heart first. I then program the heart like this: SA node: Keep the atria pumping AV node: Keep the ventricles pumping Bundle of His/Purkinje Fibers: Send signal from AV node to ventricles Right Atrium: Pump deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle Right Ventricle: Pump deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery Left Atrium: Pump oxygenated blood into the left ventricle Left Ventricle: Pump oxygenated blood into the aorta end Then the program says "That looks to me like a normal heart." I then select another organ, say the stomach and before it lets me program that organ it asks me "Do you want to transfer this from the computer to the cyborg's brain?" and I select yes. I do this on and on and when I get to the muscular system I can not only program individual muscles but also program different combinations of muscles to move in a certain sequence to do something such as walk or run or throw a ball. Now this does not mean that it has automatically learned it when it comes to these voluntary muscles. But unlike all other humans it will take a much shorter time to learn how to use these muscles making it less prone to muscle and bone injuries. The cyborg that I program starts newborn size at 7 pounds and 20 inches long or if you prefer metric 3.18 kilograms and 50.8 centimeters. It grows at the pace that a normal human does as far as weight and height.

No the second reaction requires heat whereas the first one doesn't. NaOH is a strong base with a pH of 14 at normaility 1. This means that it will naturally, without any heat required dissasociate into Na+ and OH-. the OH bonds with any H+ from the autoionization of water. The Na+ stays dissolved. NaOH is ionic so it dissolves in water. However to get Na+ and H2O to form NaOH and H2 will require heat because naturally they don't want to do that so because the 2nd reaction requires heat it is endothermic whereas one that is exothermic will produce heat and not require it. That is how our sun gets its heat is from exothermic reactions.

I had an idea about how to make an almost all metal solar still. Here is my idea: Take metal and shape it into a wide and shallow bowl. Put an insulator on both sides of the metal so that the heat stays inside. Take some pipe and put it above the bowl . Take coiled pipe and put it in a metal container filled with cold stuff like ice for example. Put a spigot at the very end where you have a quart or gallon bucket to collect the water. This can be built during a sunny day and as long as the weather ranges from it being mostly overcast with sun peaking through the clouds to mostly sunny the sun does its job of heating the water. The bowl there collects rain and if there is a storm it might overflow a little but that gives water to plants and a little bit more water won’t hurt if you have well draining soil so that is a plus. You also might need more buckets on sunny days after a storm.

yeah but I am having trouble with this because I want to figure out the molarity of these compounds from the molarity of both methane and chlorine being 2M but I have trouble when I get to 2 chloromethanes reacting to form chlorine and ethane and 2 HCLs reacting to form chlorine and hydrogen because I get 3M Cl2 when I started with 2M Cl2 and that is not right. What happens is first HCL forms, then the second chlorine atom bonds to the carbon and forms chloromethane. 2 of these chloromethane react to form ethane and it continues making more complex alkanes by a factor of 2.

Here are the genotypes and corresponding eye colors and numbers in 100 of those: Black(PPQQ): 7 Dark brown(PPQq): 15 Brown(PpQq): 30 Brownish green(PpQQ): 15 Purple(PPqq): 7 Gray(more like a blue-gray)(Ppqq): 9 Green(ppQQ): 1 Dark blue(ppQq): 11 Light blue(ppqq): 5 I try to do punnet squares for them and as it is 2 genes I can do a dihybrid cross. I notice though when I do the dihybrid cross it seems like I have 4 copies of 1 punnet square. Do I really need to do a Dihybrid cross for this or can I just do a monohybrid cross, that is for all possible combinations which is 9!(This is 9 factorial)? If I can just do a monohybrid cross that would be awesome but when I get to hair and skin color I would have to do a trihybrid or quadhybrid cross wouldn't I if skin color in this alien population has 3 genes and hair color has 4 and it doesn't matter which ones are dominant as long as a certain amount is dominant to produce a certain degree of purple color unlike us humans where it matters which of 64 combinations it is as to what the skin color is so is it right or wrong to do dihybrid cross for eye color since it is 2 genes?

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Lets say you have 1 liter of 2 mol/L methane and the same amount of chlorine. Lets also say that both are liquids since those are most likely to react. Now the only way they can both be liquids is if the temperature is as cold as an antarctic winter so this is not aqueous. Gases more often bump the wrong way and solids don't react unless it is oxidization or dissolving. Now the initiation step is forming the first molecule of HCl and Methyl. Now the methyl and chlorine atom really want to react and for chloromethane Now here are the questions. How much chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane will there be? How much of the more complicated alkanes like ethane and propane will there be? How many molecules made up of more complicated alkanes and chlorine will there be? Will at some point the chlorine go back to its normal state? 2. Relevant equations CH4 + Cl2 = HCl + CH3Cl(this continues up to tetrachloromethane) 2 CH3Cl = Cl2 + C2H6(this can continue for much longer than the previous one can) 3. The attempt at a solution 2 M CH4 + 2 M Cl2 = 2 M HCL + 2 M CH3 + 2 M Cl 2 M Cl + 2 M CH3 = 2 M CH3Cl 2 M CH3Cl * 2 CH3Cl = 1 M C2H6 + 1 M Cl2 2 M HCl = 2 M H2 + 2 M Cl2 This obviously can't happen because than we have more chlorine than we started out with. Why? well that 1 M Cl2 from ethane + 2 M Cl2 from HCl is = 3 M Cl2 and we started with 2 M Cl2. Just like the number of each element the molarity has to be balanced. This is where I am stuck is figuring out the molarity of each compound at each step of the process not the compounds themselves.

because there aare 3 quarks in a proton

development at first is all stem cells and in some areas continues to be all stem cells such as the brain and heart and other organs that have smooth muscle as well as your skeletal muscle. In other areas though like the endothelium of arteries and veins it starts off as stem cells only and then stem cells still help but mitosis also occurs. I am not underestimating what goes in a cell. here is a list of importance of the major organelles: 1: Cell Membrane 2: Nucleus and Nucleolus 3: RER 4: golgi apparatus 5: SER 6: mitochondria 7: peroxisomes 8: Lysosomes Here is a list of importance of the minor organelles 1: cytoskeleton 2: centrosome that is the way I am planning to put in the organelles. should I do it in a different order.

lets start thinking about the types of cells in the body. Lets start with most important organs first. Should we start with types of cells in the heart? arteries and veins? lungs? brain? digestive system?

I am going to apply millivolts of electricity in the same strength as a neuron needs for an action potential to make this cell work properly. Since it is a stem cell all it really does is normal cellular reactions and no extra.

Time For Chromosome Replication is that just an estimate because I know that it is 8 2/3 hours per replication origin. Now Proteinase K is used in DNA extraction to get rid of histones so I don’t have to worry about X inactivation till I start making histones. Hmm There are 10 base pairs per helical turn and there are 14 helical turns per nucleosome(DNA wrapped around histone) so that is 140 base pairs per nucleosome. Blood vessel formationBlood vessels are formed the same way all other parts of the body are. STEM CELLS and of course mitosis of existing cells. Stem CellThis cell I am working on is a totipotent stem cell so I can put in the proteins only expressed in the cells of blood vessels and it will arrange into a blood vessel. Alternate SplicingThose splicosomes are in the test tube with RNA polymerase 2 and ribosomes. Yes I am aware of alternate splicing. That is what makes different types of muscle well different. One codes for skeletal, the other smooth, the other cardiac. but smooth muscle also has genes that are not expressed in skeletal muscle that makes them respond to nerves involuntarily and cardiac muscle also has genes that are not expressed in smooth muscle or skeletal muscle. Membrane ProteinsI am going to have a lot of proteins in the membrane just 30 so glycoproteins. The rest will be transport proteins. Speaking of transport proteins I am going to have H+ ion channels in the mitochondria to set that initial gradient. Protein having to do with cancerYes TNF alpha is what causes programmed cell death of cancer, uncontrolled cell division(at least one of the factors in that), and differentiation into cancer cells. Tissues having more than 1 cell typeNow Yes I know that most tissues are made up of more than 1 type of cell but for example the brain is all neurons. That is an organ and tissue with only 1 main type of cell but it has several subtypes. MicroarrayThe microarray is so that I can compare the stem cell gene expression to other cell gene expressions. Surgery QuestionI will need every type of cell for that and I was thinking “Maybe Surgery on the macro scale(not too large of a sample from each organ) and then separation of types using a microscope and microtools will help me get ready for the microarray. The question is how do I know that I have gotten every type of cell in the sample from a particular organ and will the person die from the surgery? Gene ExpressionI know that people have different gene expression profiles even if they have the same genetic profiles so I would want to make sure that my nuclear DNA extraction, mitochondrial DNA extraction and surgery for the microarray are all from the same person. My Plan to Start Life for the Stem CellYou know how just millivolts of electricity can trigger things? Well that is how I plan to do that spark of life for the stem cell but first I will see if the ion channels are enough to trigger that and then apply an electrode similar to the one used in those neuron experiments to trigger it if neccasary. Opinion about Nuclear ProteinAll my nuclear proteins I do beleive will either stay in the nuclear pores or in the nucleoplasm(fluid similar to cytoplasm but only in the nucleus)

What do the VSEPR rules say for something with 7 electron clouds around central atom? Would the central atom have to be an alkali metal or a transition metal ion?

Okay I have figured it out. It is 8 2/3 hours for every chromosome and 2097152 of each chromosome in 1 week.

Okay I now have the speeds of DNA polymerase 1 and DNA polymerase 3: DNA polymerase 1: 10 bp/sec DNA polymerase 3: 1000 bp/sec

Okay I have named him Dr. Proton. Now what should my title be.

I am wanting to write a chemistry book with a little fictional spinoff. It will be a story about a person as small as a proton and with a pencil as small as a quark(which is about 1/3 the size of a proton) discovering things in chemistry. Okay maybe the pencil is smaller than a quark 1/3 the size of a proton. Hmm Come to think of it up quarks are much less than 1/3 of a proton so maybe it is the size of an up quark. The person even discovers oxygen chains that are similar to alkanes(single bond carbon chains). He decides that these oxygen chains should be called oxanes and oxygen rings called cyclooxanes. It is inorganic(no carbon) so he puts the ox before the ane to show everybody that it is an oxygen chain with as much variety as a carbon chain has but with oxygen instead of carbon. Here is kind of my layout of chapters: Okay here is my new order of chapters: Chapter 1: The Discovery of Elements Chapter 2: The Particles of an Atom Chapter 3: Bonding “Love between atoms” Chapter 4: How Orbitals Are Chapter 5: States of Matter Chapter 6: Starting to Look at Simple Inorganic Compounds Chapter 7: Carbon Chains “The Real Deal” Chapter 8: Wondering if you could have nitranes and oxidanes Chapter 9: Looking at Oxygen Chains Chapter 10: Complex Inorganic Compounds Chapter 11: Extending the periodic table “Isotopes, Periods 8 and 9 There will be more but that is all I can think of right now. Do you think I should reorder the chapters like maybe States of Matter before The Discovery of Elements and How Orbitals are right after Bonding “Love between atoms”? I would choose a title that relates strongly to your main character. well I don’t know what to name my main character. My main character is this guy who is as small as a proton and discovers things about atoms and molecules. What should I name him? Dr. Proton maybe(since he is as small as one)?

I am wanting to write a chemistry book with a little fictional spinoff. It will be a story about a person as small as a proton and with a pencil as small as a quark(which is about 1/3 the size of a proton) discovering things in chemistry. Okay maybe the pencil is smaller than a quark 1/3 the size of a proton. Hmm Come to think of it up quarks are much less than 1/3 of a proton so maybe it is the size of an up quark. The person even discovers oxygen chains that are similar to alkanes(single bond carbon chains). He decides that these oxygen chains should be called oxanes and oxygen rings called cyclooxanes. It is inorganic(no carbon) so he puts the ox before the ane to show everybody that it is an oxygen chain with as much variety as a carbon chain has but with oxygen instead of carbon. Here is kind of my layout of chapters: Okay here is my new order of chapters: Chapter 1: The Discovery of Elements Chapter 2: The Particles of an Atom Chapter 3: Bonding “Love between atoms” Chapter 4: How Orbitals Are Chapter 5: States of Matter Chapter 6: Starting to Look at Simple Inorganic Compounds Chapter 7: Carbon Chains “The Real Deal” Chapter 8: Wondering if you could have nitranes and oxidanes Chapter 9: Looking at Oxygen Chains Chapter 10: Complex Inorganic Compounds Chapter 11: Extending the periodic table “Isotopes, Periods 8 and 9 There will be more but that is all I can think of right now. Do you think I should reorder the chapters like maybe States of Matter before The Discovery of Elements and How Orbitals are right after Bonding “Love between atoms”? I would choose a title that relates strongly to your main character. well I don’t know what to name my main character. My main character is this guy who is as small as a proton and discovers things about atoms and molecules. What should I name him? Dr. Proton maybe(since he is as small as one)? Well the person’s dream is to learn about things in chemistry and discover new things such as nitrogen chains. He will always be as small as a proton. Unlike a proton though he doesn’t have a positive charge to attract atoms so he has to get them to come in some other way. I still don’t know whether to name him Dr. Proton because of his size or whether not to because of no positive charge inside him.

I am right now researching nuclear proteins.

I have a culture medium with vitamins, minerals, and sugars. I have a question. I have my chromosomes from DNA extraction that I separated using several rounds of differential centrifugation. I have them in separate test tubes with DNA replication enzymes such as helicase and DNA polymerase as well as DNA ligase. I have put them in an incubator with human body settings. I know that after 1 day I will have this number of chromosomes: 2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 + 2x6 + 2x7 + 2x8 + 2x9 + 2x10 + 2x11 + 2x12 + 2x13 + 2x14 + 2x15 + 2x16 + 2x17 + 2x18 + 2x19 + 2x20 + 2x21 + 2x22 + 2x23. How long does 1 round of DNA replication take. Will the total number of chromosomes be an even larger power of 2? How many rounds of DNA replication can occur within 24 hours. (this whole DNA replication thing is at average speed. also will I have a different power of two of each chromosome if these chromosomes have these numbers of base pairs?: Chromosome 1: 247,199,719 Chromosome 2: 242,751,149 Chromosome 3: 199,446,827 Chromosome 4: 191,263,063 Chromosome 5: 180,837,866 Chromosome 6: 170,896,993 Chromosome 7: 158,821,424 Chromosome 8: 146,274,826 Chromosome 9: 140,442,298 Chromosome 10: 135,374,737 Chromosome 11: 134,452,384 Chromosome 12: 132,289,534 Chromosome 13: 114,127,980 Chromosome 14: 106,360,585 Chromosome 15: 100,338,915 Chromosome 16: 88,822,254 Chromosome 17: 78,654,742 Chromosome 18: 76,117,153 Chromosome 19: 63,806,651 Chromosome 20: 62,435,965 Chromosome 21: 46,944,323 Chromosome 22: 49,528,953 X Chromosome: 154,913,754 Can somebody reply please?

I am wanting to make an animal cell from DNA, RNA, Protein, and Fatty Acids as well as Glucose and other sugars. I am wondering. Should I start with the cell membrane or the nucleus and nucleolus?Eukaryotic cell from scratch.txt