Mordred

Great course guideline those definitions I provided will be identical to what's taught in your physics course and apply to all forms of physics including QM/QFT, String theory etc.

! Moderator Note As this is discussing a personal theory on the topic it belongs in our Speculation forum. A large portion above wouldn't make sense. Understandably it's tricky to understand spacetime curvature. As your a student in high school its important to get a few physics definitions out of the way first and foremost. Energy is ability to perform work. Mass is the resistance to inertia change. Space is simply the available volume where the SM particles reside its not a fabric and such isn't a mediator for mass. Now taking the above spacetime curvature describes the geodesic paths of particles both massless and massive. Different geodesics for each above. So take two parallel light beams if the beams remain parallel spacetime is flat. If they converge (positive curvature) if they diverge the negative curvature. Now with the above consider the following mass being resistance to inertia change( mass being determined by the coupling constants of each field a particle interacts with.) Let's see how we'll you understand the above before continuing.

Join the club lol. Yes carriers are limited however certain Motorolla two way radio repeaters can handle pagers and can further get IP connected for either internet or phone. Higher end two way radios can also have pager capabilities.

Lol trying to find companies that still remember how to program pagers however is rather tricky.

My ex wife is a personal care aid. They required pagers as cell phones were too easily abused where the worker would steal company time playing on their cell phones.

Lol some of those equations get downright brutal even for first order approximations. Glad it's a rare occasion for me nowadays. Haven't had to design a ground grid for a tower in near a decade.

Yeah missiles as opposed to bullets.

Fair enough your on the right track with your last post. I don't have personal experience involving thermal conductivity. Any tests I've done has been electrical conductivity.

What you will likely notice is that the higher porosity the higher the moisture content the higher the electrical conductivity due to higher concentration of dissolved cations and anions. Soil layers with higher drainage will contribute to higher removal of conductive salts as opposed to soil content with poor drainage. So poor drainage soils will lead to higher salt accumulation. That's been my experience

I have done soil conductivity sampling for radio towers. You really want to remove any salt and water from the soil to get an accurate reading. Typically the water content will be conductive due to the additional salt content. A lot depends on salt content which will vary layer per layer.

Easy enough however there is another method to down a plane have enough shrapnel to chew up the jet intakes. It's a common technique to knock down missiles.

Particles are not little bullets with defined boundaries. That is not the modern understanding. Nor is the Bohr model of the atom. The electron cloud in modern treatment is a probability cloud which is what those images are showing.. You also won't see a Higgs boson in those images. The Higgs theory does not predict nor describe the atom with a volume or changes in volume for good reasons. The second paper discusses the probability aspects Edit looks like IlyaGeller deleted his post

Providing make and model of the SD card would be helpful. It may be possible to find a driver that works from older software support sites or technical details such as from datasheets, etc with regards to the SD cards requirements.

That's good to hear. Though there are occasions. Lol a personal example was my Masters dissertation which used quintessence inflation. The number of E-folds my equations of state produced was in the acceptable bounds for COBE dataset but the WMAP dataset (along with other later data) proved it didn't have sufficient e-folds. The other research being the constancy of the cosmological constant. Quintessence requires a varying Lambda term. This is one case where a paradigm (Quintessence) can be completely overturned by findings. The requirement of varying Lambda term does not conform to the quintessence paradigm. However these cases are rather rare. However it always requires a large body of evidence.

Well that is where I will disagree. The reason being is a good robust theory is adaptive by nature. Good easy example being LCDM.. Most ppl believe the LCDM model is simply GR and the FLRW metric however that is false. It actually involves a very large collection of other physics theories such as those of thermodynamics, particles physics, QFT, QM etc. The LCDM model is constantly changing as new research presented it will continue to change as it has inherent flexibility to do so. For the past 35 years I lost count of the number of times I heard the LCDM model will die to to some new finding. Simply to see the LCDM model incorporate those findings.

Yes experiment will always supersede any theory. If an experiment doesn't conform to a theory its an automatic indication something is missing or incorrect in that theory. Good examples can readily be found studying how the SM particles were discovered. Example A scattering experiment is performed the examiner sees scattering events that show CPT violations/conservation law violations. So conducts further research to account for those violations. This has often led to new particle interactions or new particles discovered. A vast majority of our theories today resulted by unexpected experimental findings that upon further research leads to new theories and understood processes. Contrary to popular belief there isn't really any "Eureka " moments of someone randomly guessing at a new theory through sheer insight. The majority of our theories today arise from trying to fathom and explain experimental evidence and not force the experiment to conform to theory.

Outside of formal education studying the textbooks is the best way to separate science from pseudoscience (flimflams etc) If an article doesn't conform to textbook book methods or answers then it's questionable. Another good resource is dissertation papers. These papers will help advance your skills and knowledge beyond the textbooks which typically teach the basics. Welcome aboard

Come again ?

Unfortunately incorrect but also off topic for this thread which doesn't involve expansion. For starters expansion is due to thermodynamics described by the equations of state https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state_(cosmology) These factors determine the expansion rate. GR though involved cannot account for all the factors in expansion as per above. As your new to the forum it is also a rules violation to post personal theories in reply to other posters threads. Any personal theories belong in our Speculation forum.

Agreed I should have included the hours

Correct you always need to filter out unwanted noise pollution generated by other sources such as stars and plasma

Terawatt hour yearly for LHC from what I gathered is 1.3 terawatt hours yearly. Operating 200 MW https://home.cern/science/engineering/powering-cern How accurate that link is ?

Here is detail on the H11 region https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strömgren_sphere though the OP paper is examining H1 region. The link only mentions around a star but it also applies to galaxies in terms of its ionization regions example being the OP paper figure 2

The mass would be larger and the volume would also increase the photoionization process used by the paper is as follows \[H_I+\gamma\rightarrow p+e\] the cross section for the photoionization rate \[\Gamma_\gamma H=\int_{\nu_t}^\infty c\sigma_\pi (\nu)N_\gamma(\nu)d\nu\] where \(\nu_t\) is the threshold frequency of 13.6 ev. \(N_y(\nu)d\nu\) is the number density of photons with range \(\nu\rightarrow \nu+d\nu\) this is related to the energy flux \(J(\nu)\) by \[N_\gamma(\nu)=\frac{4\pi J(\nu)}{ch\nu}\] in essence the bound free transition probability thoug one can also apply the Milne relation (more specifically for recombination =ionization) https://casper.astro.berkeley.edu/astrobaki/index.php/Milne_Relation that is the essential process they are measuring to get the luminosity factors under spectrography edit forgot to add the reason why the paper posted by the OP highlights the uncertainty in the electron density directly relates to the the above relation. So research tightening the error margin will also be helpful in regards to the Hubble contention. Its further data to help with local group calibrations in regards to distance measures. Specifically the interference to standard candle Lumosity distance relations (simplified descriptive light pollution generated by galactic mediums such as plasma ) The above relations can be found in RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN ASTROPHYSICS GEORGE B. RYBICKI ALAN P. LIGHTMAN chapter 10. in terms of H1 vs H11 these describe plasma ionization regions with H1 being partially ionized whilst the H11 region is almost entirely ionized further details related being the Lyman break https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman-break_galaxy

I seem to recall mentioning MRI indirect evidence of measuring synaptic responses to stimuli. That's one method with which has a large body of studies available on the web. That would be an objective observation This link will assist I haven't gone through it entirely nor its linked papers https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/systems-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2016.00084/full