Mordred

No Einstein's GR doesn't reinvent ether, that's not how spacetime curvature works. Many people like to think space time as some form of ether or fabric. However that's not what GR tells us. The easiest way to correlate space time curvature is to realize it is a mathematical descriptive of coordinate change due to how gravity influences particles. ( I often like to describe this as a distribution function of the strength of an influence, described in geometric coordinates) GR is a coordinate metric system. It doesn't mean space requires a substance. All interactions of any form of energy is via particle to particle interactions. Energy being a property of particles. No medium is required, QFT, also doesn't require a medium to work.

Should be noted not all all oil and gas processes, including fracking dump waste into the ground. Some actually treat the water. I've worked on a few oil field water treatment systems, the companies that have them take water treatment extremely serious. Not stating it does or doesn't happen. However it should be noted not all companies follow the best practices. (For that matter, I've seen people fired for not reporting and cleaning up a spill, while filling their engine oil on their work vehicle)

I do a lot of work with robotics in plant automation applications. The ones I deal with typically use ladder logic, ie Allen Bradley RS5000, and SLC 500. The other big names is Siemens. You would find SLC500 easier to learn. Keep in mind many robotic applications also incorporate data collection, so having C++ is also a good skill. Some industrial applications uses SCADA. (I've worked with well over 20 programming laquages, mostly relay/ladder logic, here is the thing. Choose one to learn. Once you can program in one laquage adapting to other lanquages is fairly straightforward. If you want a cheap method to learn ladder logic, but a low cost zelio smart relay or for AB, a picosoft relay. It will include the programming cable and software. Cost of under 200.00. SLC500 is around 2k, controllogix is roughly 3 to 4 k. (Wouldnt recommend the expensive ones to start) Good textbook on Automation systems is http://www.amazon.ca/Automating-Manufacturing-Systems-Plcs-Hugh/dp/0557344255 (Key note for robotics you will need a strong electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic understanding.) As well as calculus.

Robotics are offered at BCIT, University of Alberta and University of Western Ontario. Those are the only three I can find that offer those courses to PH.D level. The others are diploma and bachelors. I can personally vouch for BCIT as I attended there, the classrooms tend to be a bit big. However the instructors I had were willing to put in quality time with each student. Though they don't offer robotics itself university of the Caribou is also excellent. The classrooms are smaller, so the instructors can deal more one on one with each student.

While your swinging the clay ball your applying a force . The string itself is limitting how far the clay ball could move. So you feel a greater force pulling on your arm. This is the action reaction forces Newtons third law. However there is less resistance on the movement on the toothpicks. Pushing the toothpicks allow greater resistance. replace the string with an elastic, the radius of the swinging ball will increase with the more force applied via angular momentum. The faster you spin the ball will cause the radius to increase, BUT remember both the string and elastic exert forces to oppose being changed from its rest configuration. The string may stretch less but with enough force can stretch a bit before breaking. Your balls mounted on clay isn't showing anything that cannot be explained as per the replies in this post. Your missing key details such as mechanical or material resistance to change. The clay is more ductile than the string The toothpick balls have less resistance than the string itself. Look up the definition on the unit of force Newton. "The SI derived unit used to measure force. One newton is equal to the force needed to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second per second. " The strings material strength due to its strong force resists the outward aceleration. The clay has less resistance. Experiment.. Take your same ball and clay design. Simply drop the clay, then note that the balls on the tooth picks will also travel further than the clay itself. How much further will depend on how deep you in bed the toothpicks.

Well obviously this has nothing to do with relativity but seems to be more on how information is processed and represented. Yet I'm curious as to why the choice on ignoring binary? Seems to me your ignoring an extremely flexible key to understanding how information is processed. I once heard that any question can be represented by Boolean logic. Take the human brain neural pathways. Fundamentally how we process information is a series of on| off switches. Aka binary. We may do so faster than computers but the process is still the same. Any mathematical expression can also be translated to binary, lanquage can as well, speech to text synthesizers for example. AI is still a challenge. Seems to me if you want to mathematically correlate language to information processing to mathematics I would start there

In Canada he would be better off looking for electrical Engineering. Sait or Nait in Alberta. UVIC on the west coast. Not familiar with East coast (At least if he's looking for job security. Most companies hire Electrical engineers)

A good example of what John Cuthbert is describing is CTCSS. Which is a form of selective calling also referred to as a privacy or PL tone. Here everyone shares the same carrier frequencies. The modulation scheme causes minute variations in the Carrier frequency. DTMF is another formulation. It is amplitude modulation most typically used in telephones but is also involved in two way radios at any Carrier frequency. Kenwood also has an NXDN scheme which albeit digital involves several modulation levels on its digital signals this includes frequency and amplitude modulations. Motorola's digital signal is also has data compression schemes that are similar. The three forms of modulations are amplitude, frequency and phase shift. These are oft referred to as subtones. They can and are used in combination or as standalone today in both analog and digital compression schemes. The main problems with these schemes is antennae sensitivity and distortions. However that can be overcome via various filters, and amplifying the subtones for processing. Lol I lost count on the number of VCOs I've had to replace. I've also lost count on radios that I've repaired that could pick up the Carrier frequency but couldn't pick up the privacy tone, or in rare cases the DTMF tone, Circuitry wise you have your main carrier circuits, then the individual tones need to be processed through seperate filters and amplifiers to rectify. Some rectifier circuits have to use error correction schemes to batch missing data. The AM FM scheme has changed considerably in two way radio usage today. The old definitions on modulation has considerably changed. Every radio company has its own unique data compression techniques, Some reveal how it's done others only hint. ICOM has some good papers on NXDM. Certainly doesn't look anything like digital on a spectrum analyzer. That's because the digital voice modulation merely rides the carrier ( in point of detail you need spdcialized radio spectrum analyzers to read specific digital schemes such as Motorola and Kenwood. Each have to have the specific scheme decoders hard wired into them. One name brand is the R8000 spectrum analyzer. You can get Motorola digital specific, or Kenwood as well as the combination of the two Here is a brief coverage of FSK as one example, (NXDN radios utilyze this scheme) http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying it has a small list of various techniques. Here is a multi purpose FSK/ASK VCO. Frequency shift key/amplitude shift key voice control oscillator. http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADF7020-1.pdf Lol some of those schemes I never heard of before. Not surprising I dealt primarily with Motorola and Kenwood radios. In one of my past jobs (Side note you don't want to run too many simultaneous Shift keys at the same time causes too many distortions. Time management is a preferred prevention measure)

The one question missing is which Country do you live in? I could name a few good universities in Canada for robotics ie UVIC but that won't do any good if you live in Europe

I think it may be time to step back and review linear force, and how Newtons laws of inertia applies, before handling the angular momentum case. Let's start with a mass 10 kg on a frictionless surface. Until sufficient force is applied to move the mass of 10 kg the object will remain at rest. F=ma, calculate The force needed to accelerate 10kg 10 m/s^2. If that force is applied for 10 seconds, what is its final velocity? Now keeping in mind in the above frictionless surface, how much force will it take to bring the same object moving at the final velocity will take to bring said object to rest? Part b assuming your still at the final velocity, and the object is moving at 90 degree, during its motion a new force of 100 Newtons is applied at 0 degrees what is the objects final direction ? In degrees. The reason I want you guys to think about the above is that we've been going around in circular and repeated explanations, and we're not getting anywhere. So lets step back to more simple problems before handling the angular case. The above isn't intended as insult, it's a step back and think the problem through correctly Now approach a 10 kg pendulum, at rest, apply 1000 Newtons of force at 90 degrees for one second. Which direction and velocity should the ball on the pendulum move? What force is preventing the pendulum to move in the same direction as the above ? Here is some key relations. [latex]a_c=\frac{v_2}{r}[/latex] [latex]f_c=a_c r[/latex] [latex]f_c=m\frac{v^2}{r}[/latex] Here is angular velocity http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocity this site covers basic torque calcs http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/motion-formulas-d_941.html

Correct Newtons three laws of inertia. I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. alternatively worded, An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (Action-reaction law) There is numerous variations on the wordings of those three laws, but they amount to the same. The wiki definitions are usually preferred in textbooks. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion

Sorry to burst your bubble but special relativity already uses ct. [latex]ds^2=c^2 dt^2-dx^2-dy^2-dz^2[/latex] The above equation is invarient [latex] y = (ct,\acute{x},\acute{y},\acute{z})[/latex]=new coordinates;[latex] x = (ct, x, y, z)[/latex]=old coordinates

The problem I see missing deals with distance of travel and penetration. Lower frequencies such as the AM band travel further, however if I recall higher frequencies have a better penetration depth. I've worked in a radio company before. I've seen situations where the Carrier is detected but not the privacy talk. Due to different penetration values. Although one can develop a scheme of a combination of AM, FM and phase modulations. Circuitry architect will allow it. What are the trade offs. In terms of distance, detectability over distance, detection vs penetration? ( Key note, Is strong development in this scheme worth it... The US is already tightening down its Carrier frequencies in bandwidth to try and maximize flexibility, signal strength is also limitted.). In Canada all radio frequencies must comply to FCC regulations. Don't know the US governing body, but do know Canada follows the US on radio frequencies legislation approx 5 years later on average. One other key factor is sound quality, there is a noticeable difference between am. Fm and digital protocals (Try listening to DTMF, compared to analog FM.)

One thing I've noticed of this site is a lack of FAQ pinned articles. I oft wonder why? On one side of the coin answering questions repeatibly generates threads for discussion. On the other side is site FAQs should be based on cooperative efforts. I would like to measure the sites interest in developing numerous FAQ articles, I can certainly assist in Cosmology and particle physics, possibly in relativity. Lol although my biggest weakness is keeping them short and brief. Would the site support such effort? (These two articles were originally intended as FAQ style, but got rather lengthy, though informative) http://cosmology101.wikidot.com/redshift-and-expansion http://cosmology101.wikidot.com/universe-geometry

No symmetry isn't broken, GR accounts for energy momentum. This has symmetry via SO(3.1) Lorentz group representation. Newtons laws would also follow symmetry not sure which group though later on I may try to calc the group. Just checked linear and angular momentum both fall under the Lorentz group. ( lol should have been obvious to me, brain fart)

Lol I'm careful to study when she is busy. As well as help out

There is via Newtons three laws. You don't require tensors. Look at each moment in time in terms of net force per that specific moment in time. Key words Net sum of force per moment (aka moment of inertia) Moment A string is attached there is mechanical force causing a change in direction Moment B string is let go, no force towards the center. Rock flies at a tangent (straight line from curve ) http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent from that moment according to Newtons laws of inertia. Think of a catapult, after the rock is released "which way does it fly" Ignoring gravity it would fly in the last angle, direction upon release. In a straight line from that moment of direction.

Think change in direction requires a change force. "Newtons three laws of inertia. First law: When viewed in an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.[2][3] Second law: The vector sum of the external forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration vector a of the object: F = ma. Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body." Then look at the definition of velocity. "Velocity is the rate of change of the displacement, the difference between the final and initial position of an object. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of its speed and direction of motion, e.g. 60 km/h to the north. ( Key note direction) Now look at moments of inertia and it's applications to rotation. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moments_of_inertia

Key detail " moment of inertia" in the angular momentum case

In particular moments of inertia which applies to centrifugal acceleration. Look at Newtons three laws of inertia in detail. Key note change in momentum. If an interaction regardless of classification causes a change in momentum or direction . It is a force

Your misunderstanding the meaning of force, yes there is 4 basic forces. Gravity, weak, electromagnetic, strong. There is also mechanical force, force due pressure etc. Look at how force is defined. In this case it follows under moments of inertia. Newtons three laws still hold "force definition. In physics, something that causes a change in the motion of an object. The modern definition of force (an object's mass multiplied by its acceleration) was given by Isaac Newton in Newton's laws of motion." Regardless of source anything that causes a change in motion is a force. Much of this thread is been about how to calculate the net sum of force, whether via gravity or moments of inertia. Change in movement requires a change in the net sum of forces with a direction ( vector) Quite basically high school physics. They covered mechanical and inertial force

Completely agree. Not enoiugh detail, too much side comments. Particularly since rereading. "One,two,three Infinity" reminds me of reading my 1919 physics textbook where the atom didn't include the neutron. The textbook certainly didn't include your formulas. Far too advanced for that book. If you had explained your ideas correctly I wouldn't need this degree of digging. C'mon mate you have the PH.D not even several of the accredited and published posters that replied on this thread on arxiv can follow your reasoning. You might consider explaining your model better mathematically (Unfortunately I don't have his "Gravity" book anymore, can't locate it (I liked his section on Egyptian triangles, but that's off topic)

Yeesh can we please stop using larger fonts its far far more annoying than impressive. In truth makes me personally want to ignore your threads altogether.

although faster than light (tachyonic particles) have been proposed as time reversal. No evidence has ever been found. There exists a primary dilemma. Cause before effect. Law of causality. You can find numerous literature of ftl particles and time reversal correlations. However they are in the realm of mathematical proposals without observable evidence. Much like multiverse proposals. Correct I recall a study a few years ago on this they based everything being FTL, but ran into a problem at the speed c being the same as when a particle reaches c from subliminal in singularity conditions. Not sure I'll be able to find that study as it was late 90 ish. If I recall correct was done in Australia

Which PLC model are you using? If it's AB it may support the SQO function this will avoid scantime and switch all outputs simulaneous. By the way I would have just used relays to interface the 24 to 5 volt. (Though industrial interface methods usually include using a stepper motor control card and simply outputting the direction command or a serial to stepper controller card.) In The SLC series for AB here is the manual http://literature.rockwellautomation.com/idc/groups/literature/documents/um/1746-um121_-en-p.pdf Cost naturally being a factor and application.. I've programmed AB, Omron, Zelios and other numerous smart relays. If you download pdf995.exe (printer to pdf emulator, you can print your code in pdf format) then post the pdf for programming assistance.