Mordred

Well we don't know what causes the cosmological constant, so the m term is simply an energy Mass equivalent. However the Einstein field equations relate to the cosmological constant aka dark energy(one possible contributor) via the stress energy tensor. [latex]T_{\mu\nu}=\frac{\Lambda c^4}{8\pi G}G_{\mu\nu}[/latex] http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor take a good look at the stress energy tensor matrix on the second link This correlates the energy density to pressure relations of the cosmological constant. In the FLRW metric it is determined by its equation of state http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state_(cosmology) [latex]w=\frac{\rho}{p}[/latex] For the cosmological constant w= -1 This article provides some further detail http://cosmology101.wikidot.com/universe-geometry Page 2 FLRW distance measures http://cosmology101.wikidot.com/geometry-flrw-metric/ In short we can relate its energy density to pressure influence. As energy and mass has an equivalence we can also calculate its estimated mass density via the critical density formula. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_density_(cosmology)#Density_parameter The calculations give 1.89*10-27 grams/cm^3

Calculus Differential geometry Including the mathematics and terminology. Examples. Rotation transformation Symmetry Time reversal symmetry Etc etc Most of the terminology in describing any interactions heavily uses mathematic terminalogy. Learning the symbols you mentioned included. My signature has numerous articles and links I would add http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ For the mathematics in particle physics for free http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.3328 A Simple Introduction to Particle Physics Part 2 is here http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1395 Here is an intro SR This is a basic math level textbook free, there is also a paid version for hardcopy http://www.lightandmatter.com/sr/ Here is one on lie algebra groups and representations. (Handy for particle physics) http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0005032 Here is a good vector calculus book. http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mecmath.net%2Fcalc3book.pdf&rct=j&q=vector%20calculus%20pdf&ei=toC0VIfCEIaoogS104KoCA&usg=AFQjCNHaZioCHqqCO924EPbzoMQrUS2fIg&sig2=uAzhUQQ0eu4MpH9HM78yyg&bvm=bv.83339334,d.eXY Here is an intro for differential geometry http://samizdat.mines.edu/difgeom/Shr3b.pdf As mentioned my signature has numerous articles on the wikidot link. Some free textbook style links included. I would also study extensively thermodynamics. Ideal gas laws are commonly used.

It is the IGM is less dense than the ISM. Wiki has a handy table for the average density per ISM regions. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_medium Wiki also places the IGM approx 6 protons per m^3. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space

You might want to study basic physics a bit better. Your questions above indicate the need for review. This might help http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/ Several free textbooks there Please don't take offense , we simply cannot teach you an entire course in physics and the questions above indicate numerous gaps in your understanding. Far too many to cover properly by questions and answers as per a forum basis. One of your questions above indicates that you don't understand the relationship between force and energy. As such I highly recommend reading the feyman lectures materials. It will greatly increase your understanding.

Ok let's look at a proton. Proton has mass 1.67262178 × 10^-27 kilograms or 938.272 MEV/c^2 Made up of 2 up and 1 Down quark. Up quark mass roughly 2.3 Mev/c^2 Down quark mass roughly 4.8 Mev/c^2 Add those up 9.4 Mev/c^2 9.4/938*100=1%. The majority of the mass of the proton is the strong nuclear force. Not it's constituent components. http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/archive/archive_2012/today12-01-13_NutshellMassReadMore.html The strong nuclear force is mediated by gluons. Experiments have limitted gluons to mass less than 0.0002 eV/c^2. The above is rest mass, that same proton can gain inertial mass via e=mc^2

Mass is resistance to inertia. That isn't hard to define. When you add energy to a system it gains a higher resistance to inertia. mass definition." In physics, the property of matter that measures its resistance to acceleration." http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass all forms of energy has a resistance to acceleration or inertia Please note the different categories of mass in that link

Doh right I forgot about that

The other forums are for understanding textbook mainstream science. You should be happy other forums don't allow anything but the above. This site is nice enough to allow a speculation forum.

Along with the comments already given, from your descriptive your implying an expansion from a preferred location. (Energy conduit from one universe to the other) Measurements and observations strongly agree that the expansion is homogeneous and isotropic. No preferred location or direction. No matter how you measure expansion or from what location. Expansion is in every direction equally. (Except in gravitational bound regions such as large scale structures)

I would opt for the PID function I believe to arduinos though not positive have a built in one. This function will adjust the RPM as the craft levels in a gradual curve. Rather than a single or multipoint reduction in RPM at specified setpoints. PID is proportional, integral, Derivitive. In the older days it used to be called gain, error, reset. Key note the PID formulas typically give a quarterly amplitude decay. This is 4 overshoots each successive overshoot 1/4 less than the previous. You can set your preliminary I and D points to get the rough values, then use the integral and derivitive terms to fine tune further to achieve a critically dampened PID. (No overshoot). The advantage is bit will calculate the rotor RPM at each sampling, rate depends on what you specify on sampling rate (when you call up the PID sub routine). The additional challenge will be preventing one rotor from overpowering the other, PM me I can direct you to some motion control specialists that can help in that added complexity. Should PID becomes your choice to implement.

I would also look at the problem of overshooting. Without seeing your code structure I can only guess how you programmed each propeller. Say you have a 10 degree tilt, you then speed up one propeller at a set speed to correct. Now at what point do you slow down that propeller. Can you provide a brief description of your code specifically to the set point determined by the amount of correction. Are you using a form of fuzzy logic or PID control? If it was me programming this I would consider the latter the better option to prevent overshooting your correction setpoint.

The Higgs isn't responsible for all mass. It is responsible for mass in fundamental particles such as elementary fermions (including electrons and quarks) and the massive W and Z gauge bosons. You should really look over the links and materials were providing. Will the Higgs finalize the standard model. Probably not, were continuously discovering new questions and in some cases new particles. It's a step in our understanding.

Good vid I'll have to remember that link

I already agreed with your first. However I'm still curious which specific example of the Lepton violation. Let's do as you say Google it I'll post the first article. Non wiki that I see. http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.4097 This article doesn't state the conservation of Lepton number is invalid. It states our current standard model of particle physics cannot explain how to maintain Lepton conservation, implying the need for further mediator particles. In these cases violations means we are missing an interaction to maintain the conservation of Lepton number. so what's your point in that example. We already suspect our standard model isn't complete. That doesn't mean the conservation of Lepton rules is invalid. can you post an example that invalidates the conservation of Lepton numbers? As stated I agree with your first statement. However I'm not going to pour over the internet looking for the violation your spefically thinking of. In most cases its simply indicating there is something missing to fully explain the decay. This is also one of the reasons Higgs research is so important as it may hold the clue in double beta decay http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9901215v1 http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.0672v2

Pray tell what species are you? You sit there insulting humans with this post. What are you some form of alien? I asked you before "How do you measure something without using some form of interaction." Your thread got locked before you could answer.

Roflmao go ahead impress me post your math of your model according to the forum rules Your the one that doesn't realize physics is mathematics. If you don't have the math to your idea then you have zero zip of anything of importance. A model requires mathematics to be of any use whatsoever. For example particle accelerators used to smash protons use GR to their advantage. When the proton reaches 0.99 c it gains inertial mass. This allows them to produce particles that is heavier than the proton. The Higgs is a good example as it is 126* the mass of the protons rest mass. You claim to have the answers then prove it.

Please post an example of Lepton number violation seeing as you specified that conservation rule. To the OP. No the Higgs is not like God lol it was a pop media term that kind of stuck. Pop media is like that sometimes. Thankfully now that the Higgs has been found its rarely referenced in those terms now. Reading this I see Sensei point. Didn't catch it at first read

Ah I see, despite being told there is no such thing as time particles you choose to ignore studying where your understanding was in error. Gotcha Why don't you start your own thread and post the predictive power of your metrics. I'd be curious to see how intelligent and comprehensive your mathematics work with your idea. How ever I suppose you don't have any do you? Too bad really, that's your loss I supplied you the material to correct your misunderstandings. There no TIME PARTICLE. Time is not a material of any form. Time is the observer measured rate of change or duration of a system being measured. I already explained your misconceptions of space time fabric in your other thread. Again you showed a lack of desire in learning why your understanding of space time is in error. I already explained your misconceptions of space time fabric in your other thread. Again you showed a lack of desire in learning why your understanding of space time is in error.

GR is extensively tested in more tests than I care to link to. You really should study it in greater detail in many ways its one of the more tested theories we have today. Particularly since its tested everyday in particle accelerators. With every single proton sent. It always amazes me how some people argue theories they don't understand nor realize how common its applied in our everyday applications. Simply because it defies their beliefs or personal ideas. Of course they always think they are smarter than the thousands of professional physicists in the last century. Yet they never show any mathematical proof nor repeatable experiments.

Yes Schrodinger includes the quantum harmonic oscillator. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation

Looks good bang on the money in this post

What you need to do it look at valence bond theories. Wiki links a couple of variations. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bond_theory http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Overview_of_Valence_Bond_Theory Then look at Bohr's model http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model How the quarks combine to combine to form a neutron or proton follows the conservation of color rules. The net color charge must result in no net charge. (Colorless) you need to examine the conservation of spin and isospin rules. Each quarks has a spin and collectively form the resulting spin of the particle itself However each quark also has an electromagnetic charge so you need to add up their contributions. This gives the electromagnetic charge of the particle itself. so for example proton is 2/3+2/3+-1/3=+1 (2 up one down) Another arena to look into is valence bonding in coordinate chemistry. And molecular orbital theory Chemistry isn't my strong suit lol However that being said here is a key QM explaination http://users.aber.ac.uk/ruw/teach/237/hatom.php Schrodinger equation involvement with the hydrogen atom

The Higgs was called the God particle because it was a critical piece of evidence to validate the standard model. As well as explaining much on how quarks and gluons gain mass. To truly understand why certain terms are used, in particle physics and electrodynamics one has to study the math. There is numerous conservation rules that must be obeyed. Most people aren't aware of many of them. Conservation of energy/momentum, color,charge,Lepton number,baryon,flavor,isospin. These rules govern what reactions can occur and how particles decay into lower energy particles. Decays that don't follow these rules do not occur. Part of the problem of posters trying to learn physics without the math, is it is extremely difficult to explain concepts to them without the proper terminology. More often than not attempts to simplify explainations to the layman leads to greater misconceptions and confusion. The properties of particles is charge,spin,energy ,mass and momentum. Volume is indeterminant, the term dimensionless or pointlike describe this. Energy is a property of particles, it does not exist on its own. As far as the term dimensions, this is a differential geometry term. A dimension can be assigned to a specific interaction. Examples is electric charge, color charge, or specific symmetry groups used in particle physics. These groups have specific symmetries and transformations. Without going into Lie algebra this is difficult to describe. Introductory to particle physics by Griffith is a good introduction book. However arxiv has one available for free http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.3328 A Simple Introduction to Particle Physics Part 2 is here http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1395 Both articles cover extensively the required lie algebra and differential Geometry terms used in particle physics. One could literally spend a full year studying those two articles, However it's extremely rewarding as you will be able to pick up and understand the most technical articles posted on the internet, such as arxiv Including relativity. Second link goes into detail in that arena

Yet there is still an infinite density mass lol. Gotta love BHs they can give ya a headache at times. Lol

No problem, anytime