Moreno

I suggested a possibility that fast neutron reactors can be made solid state. For now no such reactor exist.

I think that at the present and near future level of technology solar and wind power can be regarded only as a supplemental type of power generation only. First of all, Sun and wind are intermittent and if more than 50% of power will be generated in this way, this intermittence may lead to an unpredictable, possibly even catastrophic consequences. Secondly, it requires too much expensive and sometimes rare materials. A typical nuclear power plant has 1 GWt output. Usually it includes a few nuclear reactors. And here is the size of a wind turbine which allows to generate just 10 MW of energy. And you will need to build at least 100 of those monsters to provide 1 GWt. But wind practically never blows all the time with the same strength, so this number will unavoidably grow to at least 200. Possibly even more. And each of this monsters requires tons of copper and neodymium for electric motors, hundreds of tons of aluminum and high grade stainless steel, etc. Some of this materials aren't particularly common. The price of this enterprise will unavoidably start to grow exponentially when all the World will start to build them on mass scale.

I just suggested different possibilities.

1) I'm not sure exactly, but accelerator driven and LFTR reactors may not require control rods. 2) Helium can be used to cool reactors. It can't get radioactive. To create danger of contamination outside the plant, liquids need to be lightweight enough and vaporize easily to leak outside power plant. It may not be the case if molten lead or molten salts are used as a coolants. They are heavy and viscose and even if they will leak out the reactor core it's doubtful they will get far and contaminate area outside power plant. 3) I think an attempt to create a reactor without any liquid or gaseous coolant can be made. For example, reactor core can be bricked by boron-10 from inside, maybe in the borosilicate glass form. When Boron-10 captures neutron it converts to Lithium and radiates a proton. Proton radiation can be easily converted to electricity with help of an electrostatic energy converter. This method is already used in some isotopic energy converters.

The spills, waste and contamination are typically associated with liquid or gaseous substances. If there are solid state substances in the reactor only, with only microscopic amounts of some radioactive gases present, how a dangerous spill can occur?

Do you think all possible nuclear reactor concepts are that much inherently unsafe? What about subcritical reactors? Can there be an all-solid state reactors?

Could you give some examples? I know about "Eestor", but it was rather a capacitor than battery.

Why exactly?

Formally, to replicate the results Goodenough have to reveal all the secrets. Who said he did it? So, are you inclined to think it was a hoax? Why would Goodenough do that?

There are some claims from an authoritative specialist which may sound like perpetuum mobile advancement. John Goodenough definitely doesn't recover all the secrets, but some of his citations sound interesting: https://about.bnef.com/blog/goodenough-making-progress-solid-state-batteries-qa/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_battery I don't know about the first law, but maybe it has to do something about the second law?

Venus is very strange indeed. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/oldroot/volcanoes/planet_volcano/venus/intro.html

What do you think about particle accelerator driven Thorium reactors? They seem require no Uranium or Plutonium, subcritical (no threat of meltdown) and can burn lot of radioactive waste. It is claimed accelerators with required parameters are on the verge of development. https://phys.org/news/2011-06-pint-sized-particle-nuclear-energy.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator-driven_subcritical_reactor http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/baxevanis1/

For example with help of lasers and bacteria: (don'take it too seriously). https://www.osapublishing.org/DirectPDFAccess/7CB74383-A152-6597-E90A223729A1DBA1_321582/oe-23-14-17909.pdf?da=1&id=321582&seq=0&mobile=not

In a regular heat pump we also have an external energy input, but still it is worth of.

I've read there exist such a physical phenomena (and I think it is quite a plausible info) that an internal electrons are capable to absorb ultraviolet photon, get excited and re-radiate X-rays. X-rays definitely are of higher energy than UV, so it doesn't look like a miniscule gain in energy. I thought that external and internal electrons don't exist in thermodynamic equilibrium. They have different energy levels and subsequently absorb and radiate photons of different energies. This is typically external electrons which take part in chemical reactions and release energy when we burn fuel or use some hot substance to bring a heat engine into action. There exist some notable exceptions, such as d-orbital electrons in transition metals. But what if we use some physical effect to bring external and internal electrons into a sort of thermodynamic equilibrium? For example, we may make internal electron absorb UV photon, reradiate X-ray photon of much higher energy and then convert this X-ray photon with high efficiency using some method into many infrared or visible photons which could be readily absorbed by external electrons. When external electrons absorb them it will lead to temperature rise of the substance, and this is what we can use, basically, as an energy source to power a heat engine... I'm not sure exactly what is the name of this effect, but it maybe related to this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering#Inverse_Compton_scattering

There is a known physical effect when an excited electron releases a photon of a higher energy than one been absorbed. It happens to both internal and external (valence) electrons. This effect is exploited in Doppler cooling. This is typically external electrons which are engaged in Doppler cooling. What about internal electrons? They seem to be capable to absorb ultraviolet and release X-rays of higher energies. X-rays contain a lot of energy Could this effect be exploited practically either for refrigeration/heat pumps or even some useful work generation? For example, we may try to use X-rays to heat some material and use it to bring some heat engine to action...

Despite the presence of an iron core, Ganymede's magnetosphere remains enigmatic. An unsolved enigma.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)

I don't think I would need it for personal use in a foreseeable future. I thought about greener economy and possibility to reduce amount of CO2 emissions. Heat pumps can be helpful to a poor cold countries similar to Russia, Ukraine or Belarus where many people stagger to pay their gas bills. Unfortunately, modern heat pumps loose efficiency in strong frosts typical to these countries and some others similar to Canada or certain regions of US. However, theoretically, efficiency of heat pumps can be much higher even in strong colds.

On Earth it can be observed occasionally on nanoscopic level. You need an electronic microscope to observe something like this. Hardly on a larger scale. There is an interesting question regarding Universe heat death and giant thermal fluctuations. How likely is it and how many modern scientists do believe that the observable part of Universe is the result of a giant thermal fluctuation?

It was exactly my point.

Pluto, Triton and Enceladus aren't a Gas giants. Neither is Earth and Venus.

At present level of science it is practically impossible to know Earth core composition exactly. Wikipedia article about Earth inner core doesn't contain any mention of radioactive elements. https://physicsworld.com/a/radioactive-decay-accounts-for-half-of-earths-heat/

Does blackbody radiation shows such properties as interference and diffraction? If yes, how can it co-exist with quantum theory?

Why not? I thought to permit the demon to work like an ideal Carnot engine.