Moreno

Interesting... I never heard of that. Where did you take it from? Maybe you can give some examples? And which exactly kind of punishment?

Did Hitler have agreement with Japan about mutual attack against any country? If yes, then why Japan didn't proclaim war on USSR in June 1941? Japan seriously failed Hitler when they decided not to open the second front against USSR. If Japan failed to fulfill its obligations, then why Hitler felt himself forced to came to Japan rescue? It seems Nazi Germany lost much more than gained from their alliance with Japan, because Japanese involved them in fatal and unnecessary war with US instead help them to attack USSR.

It is widely bellieved that Hitler wanted to avoid or delay war on US at any cost. So, why did he proclaime war on US in 1941? Wasn't it one of his fatal mistakes?

It depends on what you mean as a "dielectric". Supercapacitors have no dielectric between their plates. Instead it is the electrolyte breakdown voltage what usually the main limit which limits the working voltage of the supercaps. Organic electrolytes limit is usually 4-5 V. Ionic liquids withstand 6 V. Solid electrolytes (glass based, for example) may withstand 10 V. Carbon is a wonder element with no doubt, but I wouldn't make all the wages on it. I wouldn't be wondered if "ultimate" supercap will be something like an all-solid state device and the main material will be some exotic metal alloy or a semiconductor.

You are a bit pessimistic about caps. Some laboratories are more optimistic and hope to achieve 350 W-h/kg with graphene supercaps, ultimately. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-highest-energy-density-supercapacitor Some researches hope to achieve 500 W-h/kg. http://www.idtechex.com/research/articles/supercapacitors-can-destroy-the-lithium-ion-battery-market-00006649.asp I don't claim they will succeed anytime soon, though. I think it may be needed to invent completely new type of supercapacitor. One of the goals is to move away from expensive and flammable organic electrolyte and make a supercap all-solid state device where distance between imaginable "electrodes" will be reduced to atomic distances.

Sure. Plug-in hybrids will be the main line of research in the next few decades. They don't have such as limited range as EV's. I think plug-ins may become the most common type of vehicle when a relatively inexpensive energy storage will be developed with 400-500 Wh-kg energy density and 10.000 cycle life. Then 100 kg battery or capacitor will give you at least 100 km range. With that range 80-90% of organic fuel could be saved monthly (depending on weather). Currently, it's difficult to predict what exactly energy storage will it be. A rechargeable Zinc-air batteries still remain a "dark horse" and some claims have to be proved yet. Recently, I've obtained a patent on a novel kind of supercapacitor and currently looking for R&D (investors). Maybe my view will seem a bit revolutionary to you, but I would not be wondered if in a few decades a typical plug-in will include at least three main features: 1) An advanced and relatively inexpensive supercapacitors to store electric energy. 2) A highly efficient MHD generator (instead of ICE) to charge supercapacitors. 3) An advanced methane storage device. Ultimately, methane may become the most common fuel for hybrids. Another interesting possibility switch to all-electric at present level of technology is mechanically rechargeable metal-air fuel cells. But it will require to create a huge infrastructure from the scratch. In more distant future such new possibilities may appear as: 1) Long distance wireless energy transfer. 2) Portable primary energy sources similar to nuclear fission or fusion. Some kind of "cold fusion", for example.

This is what a bit strange to some extent. Theoretically, energy of atomic orbital restructuring cannot be greater than energy of atomic orbitals deformation. For example, when you burn hydrogen and atoms combine to create water molecules you obtain X amount of energy. But to break down water molecule back to hydrogen and oxygen you will need to spend even higher amount of energy, practically. Theoretically, the energy is the same, but practically it is even higher. This is how capacitors store energy in my understanding. Intermolecular bonds are subjected to deformation, well below their breakdown limit. So, theoretically capacitors can get quite close to chemical fuel energy systems. Currently, graphene supercaps reached the level of lead-acid batteries, which is still well below the best Li-ion batteries. I think the main breakthrough in field of capacitor will happen when a capacitor will be created, designed to satisfy to two main qualities: 1)It suppose to store energy in a safe form. There suppose to be almost no "weak places" in a capacitor. 2) Almost all atoms and molecules of a capacitor suppose to carry the useful load. For now even graphene capacitors do not completely satisfy to these criterions as there are still plenty of bulk "ballast" molecules which carry no useful load.

Let say 10V or 100V, for example. Density could be equal to 3g per cm3. Dielectric materials are dense, commonly.

Could you calculate, what value dielectric constant have to be equal to in order for capacitor to have 1.000 Wh/kg energy density?

For practical reasons I don't stick to absolutes. I think about capacitor which would be comparable to the best batteries in energy density.

There are some drugs which provoke fast heart rate. For example, Benadryl is one of the best sedatives available, but some people complain that if taken regularly it may increase pulse rate to dangerous levels. Do exist some over-counter drugs or herbs which can dramatically reduce this problem taken with Benadryl? And what are the best prescription drugs of that kind?

If band structure is inverted like in HgTe, can recombination happen in principle?

Or at least of energy/electricity and data. 2) Very cheap, power dense, inexhaustible, and ecologically harmless energy source. 3) Completely safe, fast, flexible, cheap transportation. 4) Ultimate cure from many illnesses. 5) Ability to cure majority of illnesses without chemicals. 6) Advanced genetic modification. 7) Climate control. 8) Continental and planetary terraforming. 9) Paperless money. 10) Total employment.

Can there be such an exotic band structure, for example: valence and conduction bands at the top which overlap each other, then - large band gap and then one more valence and conduction band overlap at the bottom? Or this is unlikely? I know that some materials - for example transitional metals have more than one conduction band (such as s and d bands), though they usually do overlap... What will happen if in material similar to copper or silver number of both electrons and holes will suddenly increase? Is there going to be some kind of radiative or non-radiative recombination associated with energy release? And what about superconductors?

Why? For example, metals which belong to 2 group of periodic table, such as Beryllium, Magnesium, Zinc and many others have large overlap in valence and conduction band. Subsequently, they can conduct both electrons and holes. I don't know which exactly recombination processes can happen there.

So, how exactly could be useful? I meant hole conductivity, not ionic conductivity... Ionic conductors experience another problem - dissociation...

What can efficiently suppress electron-hole recombination in some materials? Let say we want to create a conductor with good electron and hole conductivity simultaneously. If we will dope semiconductor with an equal amounts of acceptor and donor admixtures, they will simply recombine and bring conductivity to a low level. Are there some exotic materials or materials with an exotic band structure where electron-hole recombination would be completely suppressed? For example, what about materials with inverted band structure similar to HgTe? Also, can hole and electron recombine if the hole have higher energy than the electron? In which cases recombination in some material can be prevented even if more electrons and holes are injected in material than there initially was? We can also regard metals and semimetals for this purpose, not only semiconductors.

Do you think InSb electronic band structure resembles a pie? What is specific about it?

Is there some material which does have good electron conductivity and hole conductivity as well, but in the same time electron-hole recombination have to be prevented by some physical effect, for examply by a large band gap between conduction and valence bands? So, it does suppose to have a plenty of electrons in conduction band and plenty of holes in valence band, but a large band gap in betweeen?

What do you mean by this? That we cannot save some reasonable or even small amount of energy if we have capacitor with infinite permittivity? That we are obligated to apply infinite amount of energy whatever amount of energy we want to save? How come? Dielectric permittivity of the metals claimed to be taken for infinity, conditionally. However, their dielectric strength approaches zero. Dielectric permittivity of ferroelectrics claimed approaches infinity near Curie point. I don't know what happens to their d. s-h. at the same time. What if we have metal pieces embedded in ceramics? It is claimed that "superinsulator" was discovered, but I'm not sure it does have some relation to permittivity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superinsulator https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285877/

If there exist materials with infinitely low dielectric strength (superconductors), can there be a "superdielectrics" with opposite effect? Materials with infinite dielectric permittivity and reasonable dielectric strength in the same time? Or it's proved that such thing is theoretically impossible?

In MIS capacitor they have insulating layer between metal electrode and p-type semiconductor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIS_capacitor But I guess, it would retain some capacitance even if there would be no insulating layer, under condition that metal's work function is higher than in p-type semiconductor?

Let say we will bring negatively charged metal plate in contact with p-type semiconductor. Will electrons from charged plate enter p-type semiconductor and recombine with holes under condition that metal work function is much higher than that of a p-type semiconductor? Similarly, what if we bring positively charged metal plate in contact with p-type semiconductor, under condition that metal work function is much higher than that of p-type semiconductor? Will valence band electrons from p-type semiconductor transfer to a positively charged metal?

Are you sure metals suppose to have very high quantum capacitance? It's said they have very high density of states and quantum capacitance is connected to situation when electron is transferred from material with high density of states to another material with much lower density of states (such as 2DEG). From this I can conclude that if we attempt to transfer electron to a material with very high density of states (such as a metal), very small if any quantum capacitance would be observed. And you claim metal's quantum capacitance is effectively infinite. Could you explain that?

So, basically he proposes to harness energy of electron's angular momentum? Could you explain it?