Surface tension and uplift
The bodies denominated as “floaters” below are cylindrical bodies standing in an upright position in a liquid whose density represents half the density of the liquid, unless otherwise stated (fig. I, II, III and IV have been attached).
The basis of the following observation is the easily consolidable fact that a floater in an upright position in a liquid is additionally uplifted when reducing the surface tension of the liquid (see fig. I).
This specifically means that a floater standing in an upright position in water is uplifted when adding surfactants (tensides), as shown in a real experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GQ2F99x5po
In addition it is shown that the additional uplift behaves diametrically to the growing diameter of the floater initiated by the reduction of the surface tension. That means the larger the diameter of the floater the smaller the additional uplift when reducing the surface tension.
Until further notice this can be interpreted as evidence of the functional mechanism as the bottom area of the floater (in regard to the buoyant lift) is located in an exponential rate to the circumference of the liquid around the floater on the liquid’s surface.
As furthermore shown the floating bodies with an identical density as the liquid (i. e. floating bodies floating in the liquid) are not additionally uplifted when reducing the surface tension.
This undoubtedly results in the fact that the specified additional uplift takes effect in accordance with the liquid surface. Consequently the currently valid physical explanation of the “buoyant lift” is not compatible to reality.
This interpretation suggests that there is also an additional uplift in capillary tubes taking effect on the floaters located within the capillary tubes because surface tension has been reduced due to the concave structure of the liquid surface within the capillary tubes.
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As already stated several times at public occasions this additional uplift of floaters in capillary tubes has been proven in deed, as shown in a real experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnqjd07qyqU
As concave surfaces of the liquids are generated, the surface tension is accordingly reduced because the single molecules of the liquid are not located in the surface constellation any more in which the molecules of the liquid outside the capillary tube. As commonly known the surface tension of a liquid changes when heated. This follows the fact that the distance between the molecules increase (due to the rise of temperature).
In the same way the distance between the molecules is increased due to the concave structure of the liquid’s surface in a capillary tube therefore reducing the surface tension.
It is thus evidence that the uplift of a floater within a capillary tube depends on the reduction or suspension of the surface tension. It can be concluded that a floater within a capillary tube is uplifted the further the more concave the surface of a liquid within a capillary tube is.
This means that the additional uplift of a floater within a capillary tube (compared to a floater freely located in a liquid) is largest when the surface tension of the liquid within the capillary tube approaches zero. This is theoretically as well as practically evident the case when the surface of a liquid within a capillary tube shows a preferably concave curvature. The maximum uplift of a floater within a capillary tube is thus to be determined by the uplift of a free-floating floater when the surface tension has been suspended.
When a capillary tube has been accordingly positioned in a liquid in a way the capillary tube’s diameter would increase the hydrostatic head within the capillary tube than the capillary tube emerges from the liquid, then the surface of the liquid within the capillary tube does not adopt its maximum concave curvature and the floater located within the capillary tube is not uplifted to its maximum level as the surface tension of the liquid within the capillary tube has not been reduced to its maximum level.
The same applies to capillary tubes with accordingly large diameters as the
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surface tension of the liquid within the capillary tube is reduced in a small scale respectively.
It can be recorded under “special effects” that the additional uplift of a floater within the capillary tube is temporarily absent when the surface of a liquid within a capillary tube is manipulated to the effect that the concave curvature is temporarily less concave. Thereby the floater relatively quickly rises into the maximum concave curvature in the first phase of regeneration, and the rise of the floater slows down diametrically when approaching the maximum concave curvature (see fig. II), as shown here in a real experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gezDbEMa-k8
The manipulation of a liquid’s surface occurs analogically to the frame method (also known as separation method). Thereby a pointed object is hung into a liquid so that the tip (point) slightly immerges into the liquid humidified by it. The tip (point) is then pulled out of the liquid taking a liquid film with it and thereby temporarily changes the curvature of the surface of the liquid within the capillary tube.
At this point the buoyant lift is extended thereby adjusting at once the physical principle – referring to the uplift in liquids – in that way that not only the pressure ratios present at the bottom of a floater (located in a cylindrical and upright position) in the liquid are essential to its uplift.
This is particularly evident by the fact that a floater within a capillary tube temporarily immerges even deeper into a liquid than immerging alongside the capillary tube when the capillary tube is approximate to the surface of the liquid and the surface of the liquid within the capillary tube has been manipulated as described (see fig. III), as shown here in a real test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGK8K1MxwsM
As can be seen a floater within a capillary tube is additionally uplifted depending on the curvature of the surface of the liquid within the capillary tube. This leads to the question if the uplift is only valid for floaters breaking through the water surface of the liquid within the capillary tube, or if this influence is also noticeable under the capillary tube.
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As one can easily see the specified mechanism does not play a role according to the uplift under or alongside a capillary tube.
It appears that due to the additional uplift of a floater within a capillary tube an endlessly moving apparatus can be put into effect as an identical floater located alongside the capillary tube always remains on a lower level than the floater within the capillary tube (see fig. IV), as shown here in a real test: http://www.hwcv.net/auftriebs-kapillar-1/
Regarding the principle of conservation of energy the general or phenomenological question arises which source of energy feeds this endlessly moving apparatus?
