3bromopyr

Thank you Sensei for replying. I am interested in removing the small amount of deuterium that is in tap water. Yes, I could start with regular water (or deuterium depleted water) and then apply electrolysis. I would then have hydrogen gas (using DDW would give deuterium depleted hydrogen gas.) Could I not then separate the hydrogen gas produced further to reduce the deuterium content? The hydrogen gas produced would be a mixture of H2, DH and D2 (where H represents protium). Deuterium has different properties than protium. Would there be a way to separate the hydrogen molecules containing deuterium and those only containing protium? For example, by diffusion through a membrane?

Given a volume of hydrogen gas (mixture of protium and deuterium hydrogen), how one might separate this into only protium hydrogen? Knudsen diffusion? (MW1/MW2)^^0.5 MW deuterium (H2) = 4.028 MW protium (H2) = 2.0158 (4.028/2.0158) ^^0.5 = 2^^0.5 = 1.414 Separation factor of 1.41 is possible by diffusing through a membrane.

My understanding of acids and bases is increasing, so I will explore further. The molecule below is phenformin. Phenformin is described as being cationic at physiological pH. "Phenformin's dissociation constant (pKa) is 2.7, 11.8 (at 32 °C), ..." Where on the molecule will these disssociations occur?

This is from the wiki article for citric acid. The curves represent different species of citrate/citric acid at different pH levels. The species of citric(ate) present in the normal / cancer environment appears to fluctuate between A3- and AH2-. Citrate is apparently the predominant species at physiological pH. ( Interested to know why.) This gives a very explanation of protonation/depronation. Additional urls/details would be welcome. http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/chemEQ/polyprotics/polyprotics-all.php

Tumors are known to produce an extracellular environment which is acidic. How would acid/base concentrations be changed by this acidity? For example, consider citrate circulating through the body. At physiological pH, this molecule dissociates to citric acid. However, what form would citrate take if exposed to the acidic pH of cancer (~6.5)? Are there chemicals that can shape shift from being neutral at a neutral pH to being acidic (or basic) in an acidic environment?

Yes, I have thought along these lines as well. However, physically trying to block out the blood supply to tumors (e.g. through surgery) probably would not be effective. Almost no modern treatment has ever been discovered to be effective once a cancer has become metastatic. Simply removing these mets winds up being medically futile. This is why the life expectancy of those with metastatic illness has not improved in 100 years (if ever). Modern treatments are starting to emerge for metastatic cancer. It is now 20 years since metastatic illness was first cured in lab models, so the technical knowledge has already been acquired. However, it might take some time to translate this into humans. Moving a drug through the clinical trial process can take an extended period of time.

Thank you very much for your reply. Any further explanation for why the bromine replaces the hydrogen in the methyl group would be appreciated. Would it be that methyl groups do not have strong bonds between the carbon and hydrogen, so that the bromine can displace a hydrogen? {I am not sure of the terminology, though would that make the hydrogen the leaving group?} Why is one of the other groups not displaced by bromine (for example, the hydrogen on the hydroxyl group {possibly because the oxygen is holding it so strongly?} ) I am also interested in some of the other synthesis pathways. In these other reactions (for example, the one starting with 123-54-6 not only produces 3-BP, but also 3,3, dibromo-2-oxopropanoic acid and tribromo-pyruvic acid. These other products have 2 and 3 bromines that have replaced hydrogens in the methyl group. Full details of the reaction above with 127-17-3 were not given, though the molbase website noted that only 89% of the reactant produced 3-BP. What other products would have been produced? Why wasn't the bromine source clearly identified in the reaction? It seems surprising in the synthesis route with H20 that the main product appears to be 3-BP. I wonder why the 2 bromine replacement in the methyl group would not be more favored, as the reactant is diatomic bromine.

Recently much interest has been generated in 3-Bromopyruvate as an anti-cancer therapy. Could someone explain the chemistry behind the synthesis of 3-Bromopyruvate? This url gives 5 ways of making 3-BP. http://www.molbase.com/en/synthesis_1113-59-3-moldata-8403.html#tabs It appears that bromine displaces a methyl group in four of the synthesis reactions. Is this correct? If so, why would this be so. The full reaction given notes some of the reactions produce secondary products (for example, the reaction with water also produces tri-bromopyruvic acid). What might some ways to purify the synthesis from these chemicals?

These are the big threads on 3-Bromopyruvate. http://www.cancercompass.com/message-board/message/all,65701,107.htm http://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/73453-is-3-bromopyruvate-3-bp-a-cancer-cure/ 3-BP has gained significant traction ever since the publication of the results of the metastatic melanoma patient. 2 combination doses of IV 3-BP and paracetamol (aka acetaminophen) resulted in a metabolic cure in a patient who was truly terminal. IV 3-BP is a fairly low tech technology that could allow widespread use. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636230T The Cancer compass forum (see above) reported yesterday that a Toronto clinic is offering C $370 IV 3-BP injections. At this price point, 3-BP could experience a wave of patient interest. An interesting exercise is to go to the chemicalize.org website and enter the search term pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid / pyruvate is one of the main chemicals involved in cellular respiration-- the main energy pathway of living things. Next scroll down and on the left of the page click "View all similar structures". This will pull up all chemicals that are related to pyruvic acid. The idea here is that any chemical that is similar to pyruvic acid, though slightly different might disrupt the energy pathway that is required (especially for cancer to live). The interesting thing is that of the almost 800 results, when you look at the 130 or so that have 20 or page hits, almost all of these chemicals have anti-cancer properties! So when something is similar, though not exactly the same as pyruvic acid the molecule can fool the energy pathway and disrupt the cancer cells reliance on the glycolysis pathway. (Cancer relies about 50% on glycolysis for energy while ordinary cells only receive 10% of their energy from glycolysis) It is intereesting to note that in the search above, 3-BP was an early hit. Metylglyoxal, another hit that showed up late, has recently been found to also be an anti-cancer agent in a long term clinical trial from India. (Manuka honey has large amounts of Methylglyoxal.)