Meir Achuz

Forces are useful concepts in statics problems and were historically important in Newtonian mechanics, but using force in relativistic or quantum mechnics is confusing, and generally avoided. The concept of force is ambiguous in relativity and QM, often being used incorrectly if tried.

I would read a number of standard QM books before looking at that one.

"Therefore, does the minimum energy of the radiation decrease when it red-shifts?" Yes.

It seems that you mean the energy of an electron bound to a nucleus. For that case, E=-Zme^4/2n^2 in Gaussian units. Since E~-1/n^2, the electron energy becomes more negative if it moves closer to the nucleus (lower n). The "energy of the energy shell" is just a formula used to calculate the electorn energy, so they are equal.

The pinhole in front of your eye makes your eye into a pinhole camera I do the same thing by folding my forefinger, leaving only a small hole to look through.

"I've been searching in the books that I have, such as a Brief History of Time and Elegant Universe, and they never really talk in great detail". That's how they sell so well.

The dependence of alpha on 4-momentum transfer Q^2 does not change the meaning of alpha(Q^2=0) being constant.

But Max could not find the field of a moving charge, until Einstein and Lienard-Wiechert.

http://arxiv.org/abs/0705.3704

I am not sure what you mean by "look so much like relativity,". Only relativity can give the fields of a moving charge. There is no other way.

You are basicly correct. The retarding voltage V that stops any photo-electric current gives a measure of the maximum energy of the emitted electrons in eV.

In the cm of the two blocks, the center of the spring does not move. This is the same as each block oscillating with a spring of length L/2, which changes the effective k.

Y by itself doesn't so imply. It could be that there are molecular calculations that give a reasonable value for Y for a particular material. This would imply that the molecualr hypothesis was correct.

It did that fifty years ago.

The elementary quark is pointlike. A point is beyond compression.