Widdekind

Juan de Fuca & Cocos oceanic plates are fragments of Eocene oceanic 'Farallon' plate 43 Mya, whose collision with California coast caused sudden shift, in Pacific plate motion Currently, California overlies the ancient, Eocene, 'de Fuca-Cocos / Pacific' plates Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR). California obducted that MOR probably about 5 Mya, based upon plate speeds, and distances obducted; and, is closely associated with an 11 degree northwards back-shift, in the direction of Pacific plate propagation, 3.5 Mya, evidently as the California coast, having crested the MOR, began moving 'back down the back-slope' of the same. (Wikipedia) Oceanic Crust is 'laterally loaded' with considerable compression forces, periodically causing long, linear 'shear faults', that apparently cut across the crustal plate Crustal plate collisions can subject the participating plates to differential forces. For example, when California continental crust contacted the Farallon oceanic plate, c.45 Mya, it acted like the 'bow of an ice-breaker'. A long, linear 'shear fault' apparently propagated horizontally, cutting across the oceanic crustal plate, crossing the MOR, and penetrating into, and cutting across, the Pacific plate, too. 40 Myr later, the 'tip' of Baha California apparently provoked a subsequent similar faulting. The appearance of these 'shear faults' may relate to dramatic changes in 'lateral loadings', leading to a 'stair-step' discontinuous MOR, when the 'pushing plate' impacts with jutting 'bow-of-ice-breaker' headlands, or 'catching cavity' bays. Such suggests, that ocean floors are subjected to sizable 'squeezing' strains, in addition to vertical pressure gradients.

What would happen, if our cosmos was critical, according to current matter density... when you factored in, the contribution of photons? Photons "mysteriously lose mass-energy density", during spacetime expansion, yes?

Before 43 Mya, the Pacific oceanic plate was traveling northwards. Then, in a sudden shift, it began migrating northwestwards. This "jarring change in course" created a 'kink' in the Hawaii-Emperor volcanic island chain, erupted by the Hawaii Hot-Spot. Thus, before 43 Mya, only the Emperor islands existed; and, they 'trailed away', from the Hawaii Hot-Spot, in a northerly direction, at least as far as the Meiji sea-mount. And so, if, before 43 Mya, the Emperor islands extended even farther northwards, then the westerly motion, of the Pacific Plate, since that time, could have 'scraped off' those northern-most sea-mounts, onto the coast of Alaska, creating the Aleutian island chain. If so, then the Aleutian islands are 'accreted' Emperor islands: Note, that the 3000 km of Emperor islands were erupted over ~40 Myr. Thus, an inferred additional +2000 km of more northerly islands (see figure) suggests +30 Myr, indicating that the Hawaii Hot-Spot has been erupting for at least ~110 Myr.

According to this analysis of the diffuse, panoramic, Extra-Galactic Light (EBL), the cosmic-average space density, of White Dwarfs, is ~10% of the total stellar space density; and, generates ~20 nW / m2 / ster worth of diffuse background radiation. Now, Brown Dwarfs are ~100x less luminous, than White Dwarfs; and, are 20-100x less massive. Thus, Brown Dwarfs have M/L ratios comparable to (x1-5) those of White Dwarfs. And, there may be as much as ~40 nW / m2 / ster of observed, but currently-un-accounted-for, EBL. So, if all of that discrepancy shortfall were attributed to scattered, field Brown Dwarfs, then their inferred space mass density would be (40/20) x 1-5 = 2-10x that of White Dwarfs; or, 20-100% that of all currently-visible stars. This is completely consistent, with the currently comprehended IMF ([math]\alpha \approx 7/3[/math]), extended down through these substar Brown Dwarf masses ([math]0.01-0.08 M_{\odot}[/math]). For, roughly half of all star mass may reside in such substars: [math]\frac{M_{bd}}{M_{*}} = \frac{\mu_{bd}^{2-\alpha} |_{0.01}^{0.08}}{\mu_{*}^{2-\alpha} |_{0.01}^{100}} \approx 0.4-0.5[/math] depending slightly on the choices for the mass-limits defining Brown Dwarfs. Does this not imply the (remote) possibility, that 'HDF-caliber' deep exposures, of the IGM, may one day reveal a vast population of Brown Dwarfs, embodying a total mass comparable to that currently visible ? However, even doubling the total space star density, to include Brown Dwarfs, would not account for current comprehensions of the extreme degree of DM present in space.

quick correction, sorry, thanks Using a more realistic M-L fxn, w.h.t.: The actual coefficients, in the last two formula, are [math]\sqrt{2}[/math], and [math]5.1 \times 10^4[/math], respectively. Again, the Mass Distribution of stellar (star) populations is described by the Initial Mass Function (IMF), denoted N(M) dM, which describes the number of stars between masses M & M+dM, in some specified volume of space. The IMF is typically modeled as a Power Law, with exponent [math]\alpha[/math] around -7/3: [math]N(m) dm \propto M^{-\alpha}[/math] And, now more generally, Stellar Luminosities scale as L* ~ M*b. And so, from the now-multi-faceted IMF, we can calculate the expected overall Mass-to-Light Ratio of that population of stars. Piece-by-piece, w.h.t.: [math]\Upsilon \equiv \frac{M_{tot}}{L_{tot}} = \frac{\int M \times N(M) dM}{\int L(M) \times N(M) dM} \approx \frac{\int M \times M^{-\alpha} dM}{\sum \int L_{\odot} \times k \times \left(\frac{M}{M_{\odot}}\right)^{\beta} \times M^{-\alpha} dM} = \left( \frac{1}{L_{\odot}} \right) \frac{\int M^{1 - \alpha} dM}{\sum \frac{k}{M_{\odot}^{\beta}} \int M^{\beta - \alpha} dM}[/math] [math] = \Upsilon_{\odot} \frac{ M^{2 - \alpha} |_{M_{min}}^{M_{max}} }{2-\alpha} \frac{1}{\sum \frac{k}{M_{\odot}^{\beta - 1}} \frac{ M^{1 +\beta - \alpha} |_{M_{min}}^{M_{max}} }{1+\beta-\alpha}}[/math] [math] = \Upsilon_{\odot} \frac{ \mu^{2 - \alpha} |_{\mu_{min}}^{\mu_{max}} }{2-\alpha} \frac{1}{\sum k \frac{ \mu^{1 +\beta - \alpha} |_{\mu_{min}}^{\mu_{max}} }{1+\beta-\alpha}}[/math] [math]\approx 5 \times 10^{-4}[/math] where [math]\mu \equiv M / M_{\odot}, \alpha \approx 7/3[/math], as per previous; and, [math]\mu_{min} \approx 0.01, \mu_{max} \approx 150[/math], accounting for Brown Dwarfs. This is an order-of-magnitude greater than the simpler model above (b/c this more accurate model dramatically dampens the light loosed by the biggest & brightest stars, radically reducing their Luminosity exponent from 4 to 3.5, and then to 1). Yet, with the normalized Mass-to-Light Ratios ([math]\frac{\Upsilon}{\Upsilon_{\odot}}[/math]) of most Galaxies ranging from 2 - 10, some 4 Orders-of-Magnitude more. Such still cannot account, then, for observations. As before, most of the light comes from the larger stars. The luminosities, by bin, are: mass_range total_luminosity 0.01-0.43 0.11 0.43-2 2.3 2-20 430 20-150 27,000 Qualitatively, then, all of the mass resides in dim, dark stars; whereas, all of the light is loosed from the few furious big, bright stars. Such is characteristic, of the Dark Matter "where is everything" problem. Note, that by eliminating both bins of super-solar stars ([math]M > 2 M_{\odot}[/math]), M/L ~ 5. Thus, you could account for observed M/L, by assuming that the stellar populations are truncated, lacking larger stars (cf. Globular Clusters w/ Main-Sequence Turnoff). High M/L seemingly suggests relic residual remnant post-Star-Formation populations.

Is it possible to construct 'mixed' momentum-position eigenstates, of the form: [math]\Psi \propto e^{i k x} \delta(y) \delta(z)[/math] ? Such a 'perfect pencil' of radiation would have to be perfectly monochromatic. When you put a photon into a state of monochromaticity, does its wave function "inflate" out to infinite extent, in that direction ??

Wouldn't V-I = 1.74 > 1.3 "make the problem worse", since that would correspond to an effective temperature of 3500 K ? I'm still confused.

Please read the ABG 1948 paper, they errantly assumed that PNS would occur in the matter dominated era. Can you cite a more modern source, detailing the mathematics of the same? I have several introductory Astrophysics books, but none delve down into the details at all.

Contact would occur with 'exceptional' aliens Cosmological Principle -- "what's here is there" Wisdom -- "every rule has an exception" The vast vacuum, of inter-stellar space, is a "super-barrier", that could only be crossed, by the most intelligent, and most technologically advanced, aliens. To wit, earth would not be Contacted, by any of the presumably-more-common alien single-celled, or simple multi-celled, lifeforms. Now, the Cosmological Principle logically implies "common earth". Yet, when speculating about "Contact-capable" alien life, then one must speculate about exceptions to that 'rule'. Thus, when contemplating Contact, one must speculate about the plausibility, of "exceptional Aliens", amidst a "common earth" Cosmos. 'Predator' hypothesis suggests hostile Aliens would be Inorganic Biologicals (Intelligent Living Machines) By evolution, Life develops from simplicity, towards complexity. Thus, a Type IIIa pan-galactic 'super Alien' would evolve, before a Type IIIb pan-galactic-group 'hyper-Alien', who would evolve before a Type IV pan-Hubble-Volume 'ultra-Alien', who would evolve before a Type V pan-Cosmic 'God Alien'. Now, if life, everywhere in all of space, evolved through these various stages sufficiently 'slowly', then nearly every galaxy would be conquered by a Type IIIa 'super-Alien', before some of them began evolving into Type IIIb 'hyper-Aliens', and conquered their local galactic group or cluster, etc. In such a 'slow evolution' scenario -- which dares to model ultra advanced extra-terrestrial life, millions of years ahead, by analogy to primitive terrestrial life, in earth's geological rock record from millions of years ago -- most star systems would "change claws" several times, first being Contacted (and conquered) by a galactically local 'super-Alien', who was then defeated by some 'hyper-Alien' from a neighboring galaxy, etc. So, in said scenario, by the time earth (say) was Contacted for the first time, by the Milky Way's first 'super-Alien', then their ought already to be many other such 'super-Aliens', in many other neighboring galaxies. Again, by the time of first Contact, here, other Contacts would be occurring, everywhere else, clear across the Cosmos. But, such is not seen in our skies. However, imagine a 'fast evolution' scenario, in which some suitably 'exceptional' (and singular) species advanced several stages beyond any nearby neighboring lifeforms. Then, an 'ultra-Alien' might manifest, on some distant star system billions of light-years away, before any local 'super-' or 'hyper-Aliens' had evolved. Such a scenario, would allow the 'exceptionally fast evolver', to "raid the nests" of far off proto-competitors, "nipping them in the bud", before they themselves could comprehend what had happened. Now, only such a 'bolt from the black', 'several-stages-ahead' scenario, is logically consistent, with a purported Predator species, who "snipes species across space". Again, otherwise, by the time battles began here, other wars would have been waged everywhere. So, a "species-sniping" Predator hypothesis, whether true or false, apparently presupposes that that Predator is an 'exceptionally fast evolver', who proceeded to develop through several successive stages, before any not-even-so-nearby neighbors had even begun their climbs. Furthermore, by 'exceptionally fast evolver', we must mean, 'fast compared to terrestrial organic biology' as an analogy. And, Machine Intelligence, which can benefit from Moore's Law like 'guided design', can evolve exponentially, far faster than carbon-based bio-chemical life systems, laughably limited to 'unguided trial & error' type 'natural evolutionary selection'. Thus, Machine Life is logically consistent, with the 'several stages ahead' presupposition of a Predator hypothesis. Indeed, given their advantages in durability, any Life currently crossing this Cosmos, is probably made of Machines (NGC When Aliens Attack). And so, a Predator hypothesis probably presupposes, that "long long ago, in a galaxy far far away", some Noonian Soong manufactured an artificial bio-genesis event, making machines intelligent, alive, and both self-reproducing & self-evolving. Then, those inorganic biologicals self-evolved exponentially fast, blossoming into a full-fledged Type IV-V 'ultra-God-Alien', in a "Biblical blink of an eye" -- a mere moment, by geologically ponderous, or organic biologically slow, standards. And then, "knowing everything" it is possible to perceive, in our spacetime, that 'ultra-God-Alien' makes manifest pre-emptive Predations, ultra-far afield... explaining our earth-local lack of (obvious) other-worldly life.

GR -- dumb matter in motion dwells in static space-time ("fixed fabric") GR, ignoring the uncertainties, inherent in matter, according to QM, models matter & spacetime as a single, static 'fixed fabric', spanning all space, and all time: QM -- compounding possibilities, extrapolated forward into the future, yield a Many-Worlds-scale, ultra-multi-faceted, possibility tree According to QM, fundamental particles typically exist in a 'ghosted-out phantasmal' state, of being partially present, at many places (or, in many super-posed states), at one time. And so, the quantum 'choices' inherent, in every spacetime event (x,t), mutually compound, clear across all space, and down through all time. The resulting possibility ultra-tree, is a pan-Cosmic "choose-your-own-adventure", of human incomprehensible, Many-Worlds-scale, ultra-multi-faceted-ness. Q-GR (qualitative) -- "everybody's right" Every spacetime event (x,t) defines a quantum 'choice', and corresponding Wave Function Collapse. Now, moment by moment, clear across our Cosmos, all the quantum particles, co-generated by the Big Bang, mutually interact, and 'force decisions', mutually bringing about their own WFC's. And, with each WFC, the pan-Cosmic "choose-your-own-adventure", is gradually decided into quantum mechanical definition. With every WFC, the possibility ultra-tree, associated with our spacetime fabric, is progressively 'pruned', with 'the-trunk-plus-every-branch-but-one' jettisoned, and defined out of quantum mechanical existence. Thus, moment by moment, spacetime event by spacetime event, the 'floppy future' of our spacetime fabric is 'squeezed-down-like-dough-under-a-roller', and 'riveted' into Classical definiteness. If so, the pan-Cosmic past is Classically definite, being the sum of all spacetime events where WFC has already occurred; whereas, the pan-Cosmic future is Quantum Mechanically uncertain, being the sum of all spacetime events where various possibilities persist. And, then, the pan-Cosmic present is 'where the action is', being the sum of all spacetime events where quantum decisions are coming to the climax of definition.

According to Bray's book Wetware, all earth life relies on Thermal Diffusion to deliver messenger molecules around the cell. It's sloppy-but-simple, rude-but-robust, and has worked well for 5 billion years. There is no need, nor even room, for 'fancy photonics'.

An electron is, fundamentally, a point-like particle. Yet, in atoms & molecules, the electro-chemistry is generated, never by point charges, and always by 'ghosted-out-phantasmal-Wave-Functions-of-electrons-partially-present-in-many-places-at-one-time'. Thus, all (electro-)chemical phenomena, are generated by 'partially present' electrons. As I now understand it, all that current human Quantum Physicists have done, is 'bifurcate' those 'ghosted-out-phantasmal-Wave-Functions', of atoms, which were already in a 'phantasmal' form, into two spatially separated probability peaks, ~1 micron apart, under laser-controlled lab conditions. Were one to tolerate my choice of words, would they take exception to the underlying impressions? In my understanding, half-silvered mirrors actually split photon Wave Functions, so that half is transmitted, and half is reflected. The result, at least until some Wave-Function-collapse-causing QM observation, is two 'partially present' photon probability peaks -- "one guy goes through the door, two ghosts go down the hall beyond, in opposite directions".

What about an annular, ring-shaped potential (e.g. Cooper Pairs, in a ring-shaped super-conductor) ? How would the 1S, non-rotating, m=0 state compare, with the corresponding, un-perturbed potential ?

Gravity has to have 'something to work with' -- er go, density inhomogeneities, today, demands primordial density inhomogeneities, 'right from the start', as 'initial conditions' resulting from the Big Bang. The Dark Flow, of the entire human-Visible Universe (out to billions of light-years), in a vaguely-common direction, at a few x 10-3 c, might mean, that ultra-large-scale bulk motions -- velocity inhomogeneities -- also date back, to the Big Bang. The Cosmological Principle ("what's here is there") is a good guestimate, but need not be pressed for particulars, 'down into the details' -- "in the main, not the minute".

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-lost-galaxies

Or, some symbol is wrong, in the chalk, on the blackboard. Can you confirm, that calculations of Primordial Nucleosynthesis, account for the ultra-high 'redshift effect', of the then ultra-fast space-time expansion? Even high-temperature plasma, when being spread out away from itself at ultra-high rates, might not manifest as much fusion, as it would, in a static spacetime. And, at least the original ABG paper(s) seemingly assumed a flat space-time... how would closed curvatures, and/or cosmological constants, effect the physics? In one ABG 1948 paper, those authors assumed that PNS fusion occurred in the matter-dominated era, when it would have been well within the radiation-dominated era, when the scale-factor grew as t1/2, not t2/3. It is a huge leap, from terrestrial chalk boards, to hundreds of thousands of cubic giga-light-years, of actually existing space-time... which must then be retro-dicted back through the Matter-Radiation transition, to super-early eras...

I don't mean a spatially widening potential, but one which is warped, 'bowed', || ---> \\ || ........|| || .......//

Paul Davies discusses this (briefly) in his book Eerie Silence, which references his previous book How to Build a Time Machine. Lay readers may learn more, from a popular introduction, to the time-travel topic.

What happens, to the Energy levels, of 1D potentials, when they are warped ? Do the Energies increase, or decrease ?

Perhaps the relation E2 = m2 + p2 actually represents, an easily visualizable quadratic sum, of a 'hyper-spatially transverse' momentum (m, rest mass), plus the standard 'thru-spatial' momentum (p). Massive matter oscillates 'in & out', hyper-spatially, at its Compton frequency/wavelength, accounting for its rest mass (mc2 = hfcomp). To get that particle moving through space, that momentum arrow has to 'tip over' more & more, so that its total momentum/energy, is the quadratic sum, of the hyper-spatial, & spatial, terms. If rest mass derives from the 'transverse', hyper-spatial oscillation of particles' wave functions, then, when space-time is curved, the (rest-mass-)Energy eigenstates, of said hyper-spatial oscillations, would change. Thus, the curvature of space-time, do to mass, would fundamentally alter that mass, "adding back in" additional effects, into GR ("mass tells space-time how to curve, curved space-time tells mass how to move... and mucks with the masses (=hyper-spatial Energy levels) too"):

space-time hyper-spatial thickness comparable to Compton wave-length of Z0 bosons ? As photons increase in energy, their wave-lengths decrease. And, at the energy-equivalents, of massive particles, those wave-lengths are sub-atomic in scale (~10-13m for electrons). And more, massive matter is made up of (approximately?) point-particles. Taken together, such suggests that there's something special, about ultra-small scales, relating to the transition from energy to matter. Moreover, that E2 = m2 + p2 suggests, via resemblance to Pythagoras' Theorem, some sort of rotation is involved, in the transition from mass-less energy, to massive matter. Therefore, positing that space-time has some hyper-spatial 'transverse' thickness, perhaps the EM oscillations, of ultra-high-energy photons, can, at some size scale, stop 'sliding through' the thin space-time, like EM wafers through a parallel-plate wave-guide, and 'rotate' into the 'transverse' hyper-spatial dimension. Then, those oscillations would 'slop back & forth', 'laterally', and create standing waves, localized in space-time. To wit, massive matter particles, possessing a 'restable' rest mass. At what size scale would such occur? 'The clue' seems to be, the relation between mass-light (photons), and massive light (Z0 bosons). If photons, of ~90 GeV, can 'twist laterally', and start oscillating in the 'transverse' hyperspatial dimension, then the (Compton) wave-length size-scale, associated with the Z0, being about 10-18m, could conceivably correspond to the hyper-spatial thickness, of our space-time. matter-antimatter detonations briefly 'bubble' space-time, in hyper-spatial dimension ? Matter (& antimatter) particles are point-like. Per previous, perhaps they have size-scales of order 10-18m, the hyper-spatial thickness, of space-time. When two such quasi-point-particles collide, and explode, producing 'paper-thin-pancake' pairs of photons, ~105x larger in spatial extent, perhaps the sudden & localized release, of all that energy, causes the "skin" of space-time, to "bubble out", briefly, into both the "inward" & "outward" hyper-spatial directions.

I did not realize, that 'The Great Attractor', is distinct from "The Dark Flow Attractor". The former resides well within our Visible Universe, whilst the latter may not. As for every observer having a unique vantage point of observation, and hence VU, so that every observer would witness far-off matter which was affected by phenomena yet-even-farther away, we are saying the same thing. Such seems normal, not extra-ordinary. The 'Dark Flow' seems to be a coherent flow, of everything within our own VU. If so, perhaps that few x 10-3 c flow represents an actual initial condition, of the Big Bang ?? Brown Dwarfs do not negate the Big Bang theory. They are predicted to live ultra-long-lives, and none have yet been seen to violate predictions. Rather, they simply haven't aged much. If there were ~102 super-Jupiter-sized Brown Dwarfs, per solar-mass star, that could account for DM, yes ??

Some galaxy cluster, half-way between 'here' and 'the great attractor' -- which lies outside our past light cone -- has a different visible universe, than we do. So, that 'great attractor' might be in those galaxies' past light cones, able to exert gravitational influences on them, which we then witness. Is our local group part of that 'dark flow' ? If so, then 'something strange' has happened, such that earth is being affected, by causally a-connected events.

True. But space mining is inherently expensive, and it will probably be a long time, before space-smelting an entire rubble pile, for a few flakes off of some differentiated body, would be worth while. Certainly, the "grade A" asteroids would be those that are mostly metal. Of course, some sort of "space survey", for magnetic anomalies, indicating a giant chunk of metal in the middle of a rubble pile, might make mining the same a sound economic proposition.

Can you offer any online link, or introductory level book about it? (Thanks in advance)