wissen85

newest research confirms that fair skinned people have lowest vitamin d levels and thus suffer from lowest bone density, osteoporosis, rickets, multiple sclerosis and other health problems caused by lack of vitamin d. this scientific findings go against the mainstream theory of nina jablonski who says fair skin evolved for better vitamin d absorbtion in low uv environments. nature would have never selected a mutation which hinders you to absorb necessary levels of vitamin d by threatening you with skin cancer. the fact that fair skinned people need sunscreen and vitamin d pills to survive is evidence for suffering from geneic disorder rather than being adapted to cloudy north. without vitamin d pills and or fortified foods fair skinned people are at serious health risks, especially children and pregnant women. just common sense tells us fair skin cannot be an adaptation because if fair skinned people expose themselves to sunlight they are at risk of cancer and when they avoid sunlight they are at risks of serious health issues from lack of vitamin d. a double curse. adding to it the fact that fair skinned people even get sunbrun in low uv northern europe and snow burn in winter, it further denies the theory of nina jablonski(she says northern europeans got white to absorb vitamin d while eskimos remained dark through fish consumption which is absurd because northern europeans eat mainly fish, ever been to sweden or britain?, main dishes are salmon and fish & chips). fair skin cannot absorb vitamin d better because it reflects sunlight in contrast to dark sin(ever wondered why inuit are dark and frying pans are black because dark material absorbs heat and light better than shiny, the reasons why bedouins wear white robes?). as far as vitamin d metabolization, white people have the lowest bone density of all people on the planet probably because of the climate inhabited. vitamin d is produced by sun exposure. the skin is supposed to convert sunlight to vitamin d because of 7-dehydrocholesterol. however, white people reflect the sunlight so that the body compensates by depleting calcium from their bones. it makes whites more susceptible to kidney stones than any other race of people. the depletion of bone mass is responsible for their low bone density.

just another set of irrational justifications and from psychological state of denial.. congratulations you provided nothing to discredit the fact that white people are OCA2 tyrosinase defective (of course those real blondes and red heads with no admixture)

if fair skin and blue eyes is adaptation to low uv, then spaghetti monster rules the universe.. child sunburned in wales.. rickets in england.. scandinavia leading skin cancer ranking.. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014277/Schoolgirl-left-burned-teachers-ban-suncream-sports-day-practice.html http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-200848/The-return-rickets.html solar insolation map, check briatain and scandinavia.. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png and you call yourself scientific and claim to think rational??....

now you deny that mutations in the TYR gene are responsible for light hair, skin and eyes? you think i am still taking you for serious? you privided not single counterevidence from beginning of thread. you just troll around and always accuse me of something instead of being able to provide a single evidence which gives you status of a troll..

oca2 is responsible for fair skin and blue eyes; oca2 is a type of albinism, logically oca2 = albinism = white people are albinos because oca2 is the cause of being white. http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask424 thus the need for sunglasses both in cold and sunny climate! sunglasses are not natural adaptation, common sense tells me that only oca2 albinos would have need to wear sunglases in cold and sunny climate and get snowburn, beause they are not born from natural selection but carry defective genes who are not able to produce tyrosinase. http://unofficialnetworks.com/2012/07/goggle-tan-raddest-fken-tan-line-time

still waiting for your explanation of what evolutional survival advantage white skin and blue eyes provide, so nature selected for it..

i posted this picture because some of you are repeatedly asking the same quesions over agains thus i got the impression they do not understand the differences between type 1 albinism and type 2. by the way the girl with oca2 looks exactly like average german or english woman.. hans eiberg proved to you in vitro and in vivo, that oca2 is the root of european fair hair end blue eyes. what else do you need as proof? do you think nature would be so irrational as to select for tyrosinase defective genes which give you no advantage at all? even in cold climate whites get snowburn and cancer(scandinavia leads european statistic in skin cancer despite low uv). if you think white skin and blue eyes emegred as an adaptation with survival advantage, please explain to me what kind of evolutional advantage we whites have! if not then the only logical explanation is being derived from albinos. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5676687_Eiberg_H_Troelsen_J_Nielsen_M_Mikkelsen_A_Mengel-From_J_Kjaer_KW_et_alBlue_eye_color_in_humans_may_be_caused_by_a_perfectly_associated_founder_mutation_in_a_regulatory_element_located_within_the_HERC2 http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news66 If white skin was an adaption to cold climate then the natural sun light of Northern Europe would not be a death sentence to white people living there. We know that skin cancer among whites is highest in Northern Europe, because of the sun's magnified reflection from the ice hitting/burning your depigmented skin. If the natural climate of Northern Europe kills depigmented people then this means that white skin is not an "adaption" to any environment on Earth ...it's common sense. the only cold adapted people on earth are inuit, eskimos and nenets..

not true. people with oca2 have some pheomelanin present thus are able to tan. whereas people with oca1 do not.

here is a picture of a girl who has OCA2 with her sister who has OCA1.. http://i.imgur.com/iks6R.jpg?1

in my opinion the calssification of whites is extended to latinos, turks and other mixed population which artificially pushes the number of whites as a whole. when you consider the number of unmixed whites(real blondes and red haired) then the numbers are very low. blondes and red haired make hardly 4% of world population.. i am realistic you would not ask the same question over again if you have had read the post above explaining the various stages of albinism. blonde/red hair and blue eyes = OCA2 = scientific evidence type 2 Albinism, or (OCA2 or P type Albinism) results in a defect in the P protein, which helps tyrosinase function. As a result, tyrosinase cannot produce sufficient amounts of melanin resulting in the characteristics of albinism. OCA2 is not as severe as OCA1. People with OCA2 usually have from very light blonde to brown hair and blue eyes albinism can result in various stages and symptoms. therefore you see white people with red hair, blonde hair, blue eyes, green eyes, freckles, heterochromia, waardenburg syndrome etc.

OCA2

which according to you would be? if we leave out the absurd "white skin is adapted to cold" theory what else is left? regarding the numbers you must consider that hardly 3% of those classified as white are blonde or red haired, majority of them are dark haired who mixed with moors, turks, arabs and asians during history. also you underestimate the fact that isolation provides a breeding ground for albinism especially the dark cold north where they can survive by hiding from the sun which makes it easy to breed in higher numbers. a life form whether healthy or albino needs only enough resources and absence of natural predators to be able to multiply, if they are provided they can easily spread in large numbers in isolation(see example of various bacteria). whites especially northerners and islanders in britain, ireland and iceland had enough isolation and resources to be able to multiply regardless of being albino. still majority of humans are melanated and not white. whites always have been minority. white people per se are OCA2 albinos. but of course you will also find OCA1, OCA3 and OCA4 types among whites.. Albinism affects the color of the skin, the color of the hair and the color of the eyes and it can affect the texture of the hair. What this means is that there are people/Whites who are still albino WITH pigmentation. This is OCA2. ANY LOSS OF PIGMENTATION IS ALBINISM. Albinism can also cause straightening of the hair Good, now we've got that out of the way. There are 4 types of Albinism. Each type affects the pigmentation of the hair, skin and eye color. This information is NOT hard to find. I got this from the NATIONAL INSTITUTE of HEALTH: AKA NIH Here is the link, it was done in 2004, it has NOW been found that the mutation of the alanine allele (SCL24A5-) accounts for the THR111 gene found in Whites and THIS IS WHY they are more genetically related to Asians. Oculocutaneous albinism - Genetics Home Reference THR111 Alleles http://paspcr.med.umn.edu/Commentary...commentary.pdf Allelic Variations of SLC24A5 There are many genes that affect skin pigmentation, what it doesn't take away is the fact that ANY LOSS IN PIGMENTATION IN THE HAIR, EYES AND SKIN, no matter how minute is in fact ALBINISM. It's not meant to be mean, it's just a fact. I always though there was just one type! Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1 Disease characteristics. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is characterized by reduced synthesis of melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes, associated with ocular findings of nystagmus, reduced iris pigment with iris translucency, reduced retinal pigment, foveal hypoplasia with significantly reduced visual acuity usually in the range of 20/100 to 20/400, and misrouting of the optic nerves resulting in alternating strabismus and reduced stereoscopic vision. Individuals with OCA1A have white hair, white skin that does not tan, and fully translucent irises that do not darken with age. At birth, individuals with OCA1B have white or very light yellow hair that darkens with age, white skin that over time develops some generalized pigment and may tan with sun exposure, and blue irises that change to green/hazel or brown/tan with age. Visual acuity may be 20/60 or better in some individuals. Oculocutaneous albinism, type 2 Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism (OCA, type II) is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the biosynthesis of melanin pigment is reduced in skin, hair, and eyes. Although affected infants may appear at birth to have OCA type I, or complete absence of melanin pigment, most patients with OCA type II acquire small amounts of pigment with age. Individuals with OCA type II have the characteristic visual anomalies associated with albinism, including decreased acuity and nystagmus, which are usually less severe than in OCA type I. OCA type II is the most common type of oculocutaneous albinism in the world. The gene OCA2, when in a variant form, the gene causes the pink eye color and hypopigmentation common in human albinism. Different SNPs within OCA2 are strongly associated with blue and green eyes. Hair color is the pigmentation of hair follicles due to two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, if more melanin is present, the color of the hair is darker; if less melanin is present, the hair is lighter. Blond hair can have almost any proportion of phaeomelanin and eumelanin, but both only in small amounts. More phaeomelanin creates a more golden blond color, and more eumelanin creates an ash blond. Blond hair is common in many European peoples, but rare among peoples of non-European origin. Many children born with blond hair develop darker hair as they age. Red hair ranges from vivid strawberry shades to deep auburn and burgundy, and is the rarest fully distinct hair color on earth. It is caused by a variation in the Mc1r gene and believed to be recessive. Red hair has the highest amounts of phaeomelanin and usually low levels of eumelanin, and is the rarest natural human hair color. Oculocutaneous albinism, type 3 Oculocutaneous albinism, type 3: A rare inherited disorder characterized by slightly reduced pigmentation in the skin, eyes and hair (due to a genetic mutation of the TYRP1 gene). Type 3 is characterized by some pigmentation of the iris despite the complete absence of tyrosinase which is needed for the production of melanin which gives the skin, hair and eyes their color. Those with OCA3 may have, Reddish-brown skin, Ginger hair, Red hair, Hazel iris, Brown iris. Type 3 also has the milder eye problems than the other types. Light-skinned Whites with tyrosinase-negative albinism have pale skin and hair color ranging from white to yellow; their pupils appear red because of translucent irides. Blacks with the same disorder have hair that may be white, faintly tinged with yellow, or yellow-brown. Both Whites and Blacks with tyrosinase-positive albinism grow darker as they age. For instance, their hair may become straw-colored or light brown and their skin cream-colored or pink. People with tyrosinase-positive albinism may also have freckles and pigmented nevi that may require excision. This form of albinism was referred to as 'rufous oculocutaneous albinism (ROCA)' when it was found in southern African blacks. In blacks the disorder is characterized by bright copper-red coloration of the skin and hair and dilution of the color of the iris. Manga et al. (1997) suggested that albinism caused by mutation in the TYRP1 gene should be referred to as OCA3 In New York City rather numerous cases are seen in Puerto Rican families from the Aguadilla-Arecibo area of northwestern Puerto Rico. Albinism in dark-skinned persons such as Puerto Ricans is not always obvious because freckled skin and reddish hair may be present. Red reflex on transillumination of the iris and nystagmus are important clues to the diagnosis. In tyrosinase-variable albinism, at birth the child's hair is white, his skin is pink, and his eyes are gray. As he grows older, though, his hair becomes yellow, his irides may become darker, and his skin may even tan slightly. The skin of a person with albinism is easily damaged by the sun. It may look weather-beaten and is highly susceptible to precancerous and cancerous growths. The patient may also have photophobia, myopia, strabismus, and congenital horizontal nystagmus. Oculocutaneous Albinism, Type 4 Disease characteristics. Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) is characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin and hair plus the characteristic ocular changes found in all other types of albinism, including nystagmus; reduced iris pigment with iris translucency; reduced retinal pigment with visualization of the choroidal blood vessels on ophthalmoscopic examination; foveal hypoplasia associated with reduction in visual acuity; and misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm associated with alternating strabismus, reduced stereoscopic vision, and an altered visual evoked potential (VEP). Individuals with OCA4 are usually recognized within the first year of life because of hypopigmentation of the hair and skin and the ocular features of nystagmus and strabismus. Vision is likely to be stable after early childhood. The amount of cutaneous pigmentation in OCA4 ranges from minimal to near normal. Newborns with OCA4 usually have some pigment in their hair, with color ranging from silvery white to light yellow. Hair color may darken with time, but does not vary significantly from childhood to adulthood. This form of albinism is rarer than OCA2, except in the Japanese population. 22. Squamous-cell carcinoma in situ in a patient with oculocutaneous albinism Now, of course Whites are more genetically related to asians. But they they share a common ancestor. the Indian Dravidians that became you guessed it, ALBINO and that is a genetic mutation causing a difference in the allele genes. Over time they became a sub-species of the originals, all of whom were of African origin. Back to topic: Here is Whites' theory: The original Black settlers of Europe TURNED WHITE because they became FARMERS, who ate only farm produce devoid of Vitamin D. And, the lessened solar duration and intensity in the Northern regions REQUIRED a Whitening of the skin for faster absorption of UV radiation and production of Vitamin D. So then, White skin absorbs Sunlight FASTER? Let's see. 1) Modern Whites in Europe are Germanics, Slavs, and Celts. They have nothing to do with ancient ANYBODY in Europe. They are migrants from Central Asia in the CURRENT era. Any encyclopedia will document their entry into Europe. 2) These Whites in Central Asia were Nomads - NOT FARMERS! Their diet was rich in Meats and FISH! Plus they had plenty of Sunshine - in Kazakhstan-south, for eight months of the year, the average UV intensity is level 8 out of a maximum 11. Thus there was no reason to turn White there! 3) Whites did NOT bring agriculture to Europe, Blacks and Arabs from the South did, and they did NOT turn White. 4) European Whites in the early current era were NOT farmers - Farming is very RECENT to European Whites!. 5) The Whitest of the Whites in Europe - the Anglosaxons and Irish, inhabited Costal WESTERN Europe and Scotland - regions rich in fish and game animals - ancient Germany and modern Germany are different areas. The Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus (56-118 A.D.) said this about them: For my own part, I agree with those who think that the tribes of Germany are free from all taint of intermarriages with foreign nations, and that they appear as a distinct, unmixed race, like none but themselves. Hence, too, the same physical peculiarities throughout so vast a population. All have fierce blue eyes, red hair, huge frames, fit only for a sudden exertion. They are less able to bear laborious work. Heat and thirst they cannot in the least endure; to cold and hunger their climate and their soil inure them. Does THAT sound like FARMERS? Moving along, let's examine some other things huh? 6) A Human being requires ONLY 15 minutes of Sunshine, on face or hands, TWICE a week, for good health! Thus no reason for Black people to turn White. But for the sake of argument, lets accept this bit of White myth, that Blacks TURNED White because of Vitamin D deficiency - Lets test it. Think of the absurdity of this: Black humans survived in Europe for about 35,000 years, then all of a sudden, their bodies were not getting enough vitamin "D": forcing them to lighten their skin. The problem is: logically, BEFORE there could be any evolutionary movement toward lighter skin - the population would have DIED OUT from Rickets! This supports Albinism, but there were Blacks Rickets Rickets is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity. The Roman physician Soranus reported deformation of the bones in infants as early as the first and second centuries AD. He attributed these deformities as resulting from the failure of Roman mothers to properly nurture and clean their children, but didn't directly implicate poor diet in the condition. Rickets wasn't defined as a specific medical condition until 1645, when an Englishman named Daniel Whistler gave the earliest known description of the disease while still studying medicine. Rickets was very common in industrialized cities around the turn of the twentieth century, both in the United States and in Europe. It was most common among the poorer, less privileged people and often affected infants. Still, there was not a complete understanding that the condition was caused by poor nutrition, although it was considered a potential cause, along with lack of fresh air and sunshine. In the late nineteenth century, strides had been made toward finding a cure for rickets. At the London Zoo in 1889, lion cubs were fed a diet of boneless lean meat. When some cubs developed florid rickets, they were treated by the addition of cod liver oil and crushed bones to their meals, and made a full recovery. What causes rickets? Regardless of the type of rickets, the cause is always either due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Three common causes of rickets include nutritional rickets, hypophosphatemic rickets, and renal rickets. So to carry the absurdity to its logical conclusion: supposing that these Black people turning White, survived thousands of years of Rickets - in a non-deformed state, and then appeared as modern Whites. Then why would MODERN Whites STILL get Rickets? Wasn't the whole point of evolution to develop White skin, just for the "SUPPOSED" reason that Sunlight could be quickly and efficiently absorbed by the White skin, just to AVOID such things? You would have built up the resistance to sustain Rickets. Albinism is the stabilized norm for White skin, but there are variations of Albinism and not all lost total pigmentation. Additionally, Whites don't do well in either climate hot or cold. Snowburned and Sunburned Whites disprove the myth that we are adapted to either cold or hot environment, as i said all arctic animals have melanin be it polar bear, seal or arctic fox! also inuit and eskimos who live in coldest climate one earth have brown skin..

with this post you just proved you have zero knowledge about genetics and biochemistry. albinism has four stages, you better read about the basics of albinism before discrediting yourself by hillarious statements. scientist prove that oca2 is the root of being white. second stage albinism. oh dear, you just have to understand that deterious traits survived in europe due to isolation of albinos in northern europe. if two albinos procreate they cannot produce anything else than another albino, if they do it in isolation then of course you can get a large population when isolated in northern darkness, where the sun is not able to harm you so much as in other places on earth(but still scandinavia is number one in skin cancer statistics despite low uv).. of course after several tribes such as arabs, turks, mongols invaded whites got admixture of melanin hence come the different eye, hair colors.. by the way whites are not "very large population" we are merely 8% of all humanity, over 90% are melanated.. ps. albinos have same traits in every race namely blonde/red hair and blue eyes. but in other races albinos were segregated and outbred by melanin dominant individuals whereas in icy north they bred between themselves exclusively therefore it was possible for them to breed in large numbers, tacticus wrote that germanic folks never bread with foreign tribes and kept racial segregation. here you have the explanation why they could breed in such large numbers despite of their oca2.

you guys are experts in demanding citations while none of you came up with a single valid counterargument or evidence till now.. but anyway