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Can anyone explain to me what Ionisation energy, electron affinity & electronegativity is ? Everytime I try to ask my teacher and get him to explain it to me, he sneaks away !

Characteristics of it pls. ? Anybody know any links regarding buckys ? Any pics would also be appreciated !

I think the reply to that would be, ( well atleast in humans and living animals as far as I know ) a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) produced by respiration.

In Beta negative decay, a neutron changes into a proton and elctron and the electron is emmitted with a neutrino. Where does the neutrino come from ? Wouldn't that make the element a cation (+ve)? In Beta positive decay, a proton converts into a neutron, releasing a positron and an anti-neutrino. Is the reverse possible ? As in will a high energy positron colliding (or by any other method) with a neutron form a proton again ?

That explains it. Thnx.

I am unable to understand the DDT (Deflagaration - Detonation - Transition) concept properly. Also, what makes a detonation a detonation and how is it sustained ? In other words, why doesn't it slow down into Deflagaration ? What force keeps it a detonation ? The typical solution is to use a Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) - that is, start a high-energy deflagration, and have it accelerate down a tube to the point where it becomes fast enough to become a detonation.

What hydroxide do you mean? I forgot to add, the hydrogen formed this oily looking layer of bubbles once it reached the surface. Any idea why this happened ? It also happened the previous time, when I used Al electrodes.

I'm cool with that ! PDEs require detonation to work. That's what seperates them from other types of jets (and ofcourse the pulsing). And detonation is supposed to be hard to create too, right ? I'm not sure if you all knew this, but I didn't. The knocking or pinging ina car engine is also Detonation ! The unburnt fuel air mixture explodes before the flame front reaches it causing detonation. I read it somewhere on wiki, can't remember where though.... Also I have a few doubts about detonation. How can you actually cause it rather than Deflagaration. I'm not sure my understanding on this is right. What factors will affect whether it takes place ? Will largely increasing the compression/pressure create it ? If so, then I have a few ideas that might work !

I repeated the experiment with a 30V rectifier I found, tap water and two screws as electrodes. Electricity is free here so I switched the power on and came back after a while. I got the usual hydrogen the tested positive; but no gas was given off at the Anode. Then some more time later, a green ppt. started forming. It kept getting bigger and the bottom of the glass vessel seemed like like a greeen filter. Then I switched the power off and left it for a few hours. The ppt. had turned brown ! Thus I conclude that the screw must've been made of Iron and the green ppt. was the Fe reacting with the O2 evolved immediately to form Iron (II) Oxide. On standing it was oxidised and formed Iron (III) Oxide, thus the brown colour of Fe(III) ions. Am I right ?

Every living organism is classified by a system. You classify the organism in the following order :- Kingdom Phylum Class Order Genus Species An organism's scientififc name is obtained from the last two; Genus & Species. The classification for humans (Homo Sapiens) would be :- Animal Cordates Mammals Primate Homo Sapiens Species is the final classification. So in terms of biology, I don't think they count race in classification! But we had company in our Genus. The Neanderthal Man and another dwarfish type whose bones they found recently. I think 10 million yrs. old. Both became extinct. I'm not sure how though. I can only guess.

So you agree with me ?

Ofcourse what I'm going to say is dangerous for large scale use, but it might be okay just for a demonstration or test-run. Instead of dumping loads of chemicals, why not use Alpha or Beta radiation? The are both ionisig radiation. The will probably ionise the water and since they can be manipulated by electric & magnetic fields, you don't have to use loads of chemicals. If they don't ionise the water, they will still be present in the medium and the field will still affect them causing them to be vectored in a particular direction. A sort of rod with the radioactive substance can be attached a few metres before the engine. The problem is what to do with the radiation after it has left the engine; Maybe attaching a grille plated with a substance that absorbs the radiation... Since these types of radiation are not very penetrating they probably won't affect the crew in the vessel !

What would happen if you kept electrolysing non-iodised salt solution, until all the Hydrogen and Chlorine present in it are exhausted ? (Apart from getting poisoned due to Chlorine ) Would the remaining Sodium react with the oxygen and form a considerable amount of Sodium Oxide ? Will this form on any of the electrodes or just collect at the bottom of the vessel ? What about other aqueous solutions of ionic salts ? Does it vary for each salt ?

I've been using a few LEDs here and there. I've also been hearing a lot about them. Could any of you please tell me how they work ?

You must be needing some special software for it. You can't just plug it in (unless its plug and play). Even then its only a substitute for the mouse. I wouldn't buy it. That's my personal opinion.

That's my point. And where on wikipedia does it say that you can make one at home ? Go to an external link and see what it says :- "Amateur PDE Development Unfortunately pulse detonation engines are probably not the sort of thing that is well suited to amateur development. The risks of containment failure (ie: a catastrophic explosion that turns your engine into a grenade) and the difficulties involved in obtaining reliable detonation of readily available fuels make both dangerous and likely to be quite disappointing. The sad truth is that you're unlikely to be able to coerce a mixture of gasoline and air or propane and air into true detonation using something you've built in your garage -- and if you do, the paramedics will likely have to take you away in a plastic garbage bag (that's if they can find all the pieces ;-). " The link is :- http://www.aardvark.co.nz/pjet/pde.shtml Major Areonautic Firms might have built test-beds, but make one at home ? I don't think so ...

Pulsejets can be that loud, or even louder! Its just not possible; yet.

I think its something like 0-60 taking 4 days !

If you want to make one yourself, you're either going to make a model to look at, or you're gonna blow yourself, your work-place and the model itself to bits. If you still wanna try it call the paramedics first. This is not something you can just make yourself. If it was that easy, why aren't they being utilised ? Normal gas-turbines and other combustion engines burn the fuel at sub-sonic speeds, called Deflagaration. This is 'Detonation' and way more violent. The flame travels at supersonic speeds, creating a shockwave! For it to work, you need pressure, and hell loads of it ! And they haven't got a proper valve system for intake, exhaust & compression, as they disintegrate or break up due to the immense power of detonation. This thing is way more powerful than your average jet engine. It might be able to cause speeds of upto Mach 7 with ease ! It has an effieciency of 50-55 % compared to the gas-turbine's 30%. I repeat IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE THIS AT HOME ! Anything similar to this is probably a simple pulsejet with an augmentor.

Firstly, if you want to electolyse water, extract H2 gas from it, then combust it, your process will be quite inefficient. By burning Hydrogen in a car's engine, you won't produce Oxygen, but rather water. Thirdly, a petrol or diesel car's engine is designed for that fuel only, taking into consideration the flash point, ingnition point, etc. If you use H2 gas as fuel in a petrol car's engine, you will have knocking and improper functioning. You might as well build your own engine. If you add a Grp. I metal, i.e - Sodium, Lithium, Potassium to water, you make alkali and Hydrogen. The H2 production is much faster. You could also add something like Mg to HCl and get H2 from that. I remember seeing something about a bunch of people making a hydrogen run car. They used solar panels for electricity to electrolyse water. Fuel Cells are way better though.

You should put down your aim. What exactly do you wanna do with it ? Turbojets & Turbofans are complex. You must have a fan to suck in the air, a compressor, a turboshaft connected to another fan to keep the main fan spinning, and a nozzle. IF you want more power and are ready to compromise fuel, add an extra length of tubing to the end of thenozzle and include in it some arrangement to inject fuel. This would be your afterburner. Once you start the engine, the airflow will be constant, and the air/fuel mixture will ignite automatically. However, a much easier alternative, would be a pulsejet. A jet engine similar to a 4-stroke internal combustion engine. This is much simpler. A long narrow tube (length and dimensions depend on how much thrust you want) with a reed valve. No moving parts and very simple. Send me a PM if you wanna know more. That is if you haven't started your Turbojet.

They say they HAVE done it this time. Not once, many times. Using Pyroelectric crystal ! Check out this link :- http://www.christiansciencemonitor.com/2005/0606/p25s01-stss.html