sethoflagos

Of course, there is cause for more optimism in some parts of the world, Ken. But when I see oil companies deliberately throttling back their domestic gas production, forcing power stations off the grid so that they can sell their premium priced imported gasoline to a population now dependent on their small inefficient generators, I think I'm just seeing callous exploitation. By US and EU companies with US and EU shareholders. Yes, the indigenous companies do the same but they're following practices long established by their 'former colonial masters'. I tend to plan for the worst likely outcome which sounds pessimistic but isn't really. Things often work out not as badly as that and I think that helps maintain a positive frame of mind. A certain situation may have a certain limited number of potential outcomes. You can acknowledge them and estimate their relative likelihoods without assigning an emotional value to each. Helps keep confirmation bias at bay. Applying this to the OP, we know that the climate is going to follow some trajectory within the spectrum of the various predictions of the climate models. Whatever our intellects and emotions tell us about the preferred trajectory and whether or not it can be achieved, it is clear that there are likely to be significant changes coming. My duty of care therefore became an issue of how well I'd equipped my children with the ability to adapt to a changing environment. And theirs in turn is to do the same as they raise our grandchildren. And I agree with you on revolutions. I wasn't making a serious case for it. I'd just been wondering what the possible outcomes might be if a former imperial power tried to transform itself back into the 'Golden Age' of the 1920s.

TLDR. This stuff is beyond you. Flick the switch on your tin foil hat from transmit to receive. You might learn something.

She's now a delightful adult. I hope she doesn't meet you either. Contact with the spineless and dishonest rarely proves positive.

From who? She has her mother's emotional intelligence coupled with my IQ. Effing nightmare. Absolutely nothing. IMHO Psychology has not progressed beyond eugenics. I prefer my own personal observation of a small population to the confirmation bias of an unscientific community. Are you calling me a liar, Peterkin, really? I know my daughter's date of birth, which house this conversation occurred in, and the date we moved to a different house. So I'm pretty clear on the timeline. Retract now, pretty please.

At a basic level, I saw both my children (1 of each) emerge into this world and there was no doubt as to their physical gender. Hormones had been in play in utero, so to imply that boys and girls are identical at birth seems absurd to me. I was generally around weekends only while my children were young, but I clearly remember conversations I had with them when they were 3 years old. Boy: I want some sweeties! Me: Your mother will be back soon. Have some patience. Boy: I want some patience now! Compare and contrast: Girl: Daddy, daddy, the ice cream van's here. Me: You can't have one. Girl: I didn't want one. I thought you might like one. This I suggest is an entirely different level of sophistication in manipulation. I know it's a population sample of two but the difference is staggering which is why I remember it so clearly. Furthermore, my daughter very clearly saw my wife as a competitor for my affections and could be openly hostile to her about it. My son showed had no corresponding behaviour pattern. He just sat building aeroplanes out of lego. For 'reasons' I'd actually 'like' behaviour to be more environmental then genetic in nature - it would certainly give more hope of change for the better in the future. But my own personal experience is that early psychological sexual differentiation appears to be strongly correlated with the presence or otherwise of a Y chromosome. It's an unfortunate fact that I've just had to come to terms with.

This is an important point. My career (chem eng) gave the opportunity to make a some difference to the environmental performance of the projects I was involved with by working 'on the inside'. But there is only so much rocking the boat you can get away with before it starts to work against you. No problems in the early days when there was quite the fashion for being seen to be environmentally progressive. But fashions change. Nowadays telling the project accountant to go fiddle with his calculator would probably lead to instant dismissal. The CEOs currently feel no pressure to pay attention to environmental matters around most of the globe because their shareholders most certainly don't care, and there is precious little political pressure being put on them. Could I green the Sahara? Yes. Lot's of sand there to make a shed load of dirty glass and a couple of billion solar panels. But no. No one will stump up the money. So I guess we're back to petty, ineffectual virtue signalling. It's the only option available to us. Short of starting a revolution.

I personally would prefer some more neutral phrase like 'Carnot coefficient'. Or just 'eta'. Remember that it is a standin for (QH - QC) / QH = W / QH for an isentropic process, and its inverse is the maximum theoretical amount of heat that can be transferred to a hot reservoir by a heat pump with a work input of W. Clearly, this inverse can be far greater than 1 for low temperature differentials and tends to be called the Coefficient of Performance (COP). Another neutral phrase. It's absolutely clear that COP is not an 'efficiency' in any normal scientific sense, but how should we express the actual real world efficiency of these machines? For a heat engine I think it ends up being actual work output divided by the closed path integral of TdS. A simplification (!) of this may be: Isentropic efficiency ~ Wact / (- THdSH - TCdSC ) evaluated for the reservoirs (SH & SC are numerically equal for the reversible case so conveniently cancel out). More than a bit of a challenge to measure accurately, though not so difficult to estimate fairly closely I think.

I can't give an authoritative reference, but I heard that cyanogen was involved. Cyanogen is quite a common comet constituent and since it can be formed by passing a spark discharge through a mix of acetylene and nitrogen, the mechanism may conceivably involve this overall reaction or the reverse one.

Compare with Wikipedia Same thing. I didn't mention the Carnot cycle in that post. Given the nature of the remainder of your post, let's close with a proverb.

For an ideal Stirling engine maximum compression occurs at the end of the cooling cycle with the working fluid at cold reservoir temperature TC. Conversely, maximum expansion occurs at the end of the heating cycle with the working fluid at hot reservoir temperature TH. This is the opposite case to most heat engine designs. I can see I wrote minimum pressure when I meant maximum so I've likely got a pair of subscripts reversed somewhere. I'll comb through it later tonight to check.

VC was originally fully compressed ie piston at BDC. VH volume fully expanded at TDC. They don't tie to hot and cold as such. Both are clearly defined by the geometry which is the salient point.

To add to @studiot's good summary, I'll add just a couple of comments about running heat engines under variable loading conditions. The machine is constructed to operate within a fixed volume range VC =< V =< VH, and it contains a set amount of working fluid. So if the cycle is in heat engine mode, fixing the low temperature of the working fluid also fixes the minimum pressure on the cold side via PC = nRTC/VC. This in turn sets the maximum pressure available from compression via PH = PC (VC/VH)^k which now fixes the minimum temperature from which it can absorb heat by TH = PHVH/nR. In other words the geometry of the machine has determined the ideal power output it can achieve for any given cold reservoir. There are very few degrees of freedom. Increasing the power output by using a higher temperature heat reservoir is certainly possible but at reduced efficiency due to significantly irreversible heating. In any event this higher reservoir temperature now determines power output per cycle. So what happens if we don't extract the power produced? It depends on the machine type, but for the engines we've been discussing: The piston accelerates reducing the cycle time and increasing dissipation losses The working fluid fails to equilibriate at either reservoir temperature due to shortened contact time. Pressure (a little) and temperature fail to equilibriate following compression and expansion strokes. The envelope of the PV cycle shrinks until either work output is accommodated by dissipation to the surroundings , or the machine disintegrates. This is where the image posted previously makes sense. The machine can't do much about dV, but it can reduce dT and hence dP by here about 70% to get W as small as necessary. And what can be said for heat engines puts similar constraints on the loading characteristics of heat pumps and refrigeration cycles. Their geometry greatly restricts flexibility in their service conditions. And deviations from those service conditions are greeted invariably with reduced thermodynamic efficiency.

If you work on the principle of not leaving your environment in worse condition than what you inherited, then it carries on indefinitely. Our generation has clearly failed massively in this regard despite those in power from the mid-20th century on knowing unambiguously the unsustainable nature of a hydrocarbon fuelled economy (not to mention nuclear proliferation). I wouldn't be the one to line up the energy sector major shareholders in front of a firing squad, but I might turn a blind eye ....

I think that 'Do as you would be Done by' is a pretty fair principle. If you would prefer not to be wilfully harmed by any deed of act or omission by others then it seems a contradiction not to reciprocate and it's not unreasonable to extend that duty of care to future generations. Without putting a moralistic value on it, one might accept the validity of one who was indifferent to the suffering of others more remote than his immediate neighbourhood so long as they made no complaint if say an electrician couldn't be bothered to make their domestic wiring safe and they got electrocuted. Swings and roundabouts. But in my experience, such people are usually the first to express their outrage at any perceived violation of their rights. I wouldn't be the one who threw stones at such self-centred wretches, but I might turn a blind eye to any who did.

No. I take care to line up my initial conditions in a consistent way so that I don't get caught in a circular sequence of robbing Peter to pay Paul (which your posts tend to be full of btw). Eventually the message sinks in that there are no free lunches and life's a bitch.

Option 1) Perform the simulation by long hand calculation - the way we used to do this stuff. Option 2) Depends on your precise contractual relationship with the software suppliers.

There is no heat flow into the engines because they at they same temperature as the hot reservoir. There is no heat flow into the engines because they at they same temperature as the hot reservoir. There is no heat flow into the engines because they at they same temperature as the hot reservoir. However, the air inside the engines has started to cool as they melt the ice sliver. The air contracts perhaps enough to pull the power piston down from TDC to BDC and move the displacer away from the hot side heat exchanger. Now at last heat can start to flow into the engine. We reheat the air back to the hot reservoir temperature and if no nett work is extracted and there air no friction losses we may have just enough energy to get the piston back to TDC. Then we can melt a bit more ice. You don't get access to refrigeration without inputting power.

Therefore: is answered by 'energy is energy'. And 'energy exchanges are energy exchanges'. No. Some of the water's potential energy is transformed into shaftwork just as some proportion of heat (thermal energy) can be converted into shaftwork. You ignored my questions relating to the limit (1 - ht/hm): The ratio is reject energy / input energy just as TC/TH is in the Carnot limit.

If you express the total potential energy of water in terms of its height above mean sea level, then the amount of it that you can extract from an overshot waterwheel is limited to (1 - ht/hm) where hm and ht are the heights above msl of the mill race and tail race respectively. Do you see anything familiar here? Can you imagine all that waste potential energy disappearing down the tail race? Why isn't waterwheel efficiency a part of this limit?

Exactly. The block can have any temperature distribution compatible with Fourier's Heat Equation. Regular opening and closing of the freezer door might produce a nice decaying harmonic oscillation with depth for example.

Off the shelf for sure. Then we have repeatability by other experimenters.

Any small known weight sufficient to turn the engine but not too fast. That should work. It must be an operable engine. We have no interest in performance data for ruined engines. Something like that. If you can perform a second experiment experiment with the displacer linkage disconnected (if this is possible without breaking the engine) then that would be useful too.

The only load on the machine is frictional losses, which should be very small and most of those are retained within the system. If waste heat is actually 4 times the work output (it will be a little more), simply ask yourself what 4*0 is equal to. It might be helpful to know what these no-load losses are: If you are able to secure a cotton bobbin squarely and centrally on the flywheel and a small weight to the free end of the cotton you can time how long it takes for the weight to drop through say 3 feet. Try and find a weight that's large enough to turn the machine, but small enough to take at least 10 seconds to cover the distance (for timing accuracy). Repeat until your results are consistent and you have at least 10 timings. Then post the timings here along with the distance of travel, size of weight used and the diameter of the bobbin would be interesting as well.

It does depend I think on how 'closed' the test tube is. A reaction involves for instance some change of chemical bonding energy resulting in creation or absorption of heat. If there is no heat loss or gain through the test tube walls, there is no mass change as the total energy inside the test tube is unchanged.