saraheil

There are some following reactions: Oxidation The aldehyde functional group is oxidized to a carboxyl group. For example, glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid by benedict's solutions or Fehlings solution both are alkaline solutions of copper ions, cu2+ ions are reduced to Cu+ ions. Reduction The aldehyde group is reduced to the hydroxyl or alcohol group in the presence of an enzyme or hydrogen and a metal catalyst. Esterification: The alcohol (-OH) group on the sugar can react with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to give phosphate esters. Remember that alcohols react with carboxylic acids to yield esters and water(http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Esterification). The formation of a phosphate ester is known as phosphorylation. An example of this is the formation of glucose in the body. Formation of glycosides The hydrogen (H) of the –OH group on carbon atom 1 of sugar, such as glucose, may be replaced by other radicals to form compounds called glycosides. Glycosides from glucose are called glucosides e.g., alpha-methylglucosides and beta-methylglucoside. Glycosides formed from galactose are called glycosides. Most of the complex galactosides are of great pharmacological importance. Anexample is dioxin, which is extensively used in medicine because of its effect on the heart.

A non-renewable energy source is one which, once it is used, cannot be replaced. It is gone forever. Many of the fuels we use today fall into this category – oil, gas, petrol and coal. Once these are burned to heat homes or power cars, their energy is lost forever.A renewable energy source is one that can be replaced and so is less bad for the environment. Whereas coal is non-renewable – it consists of the compressed wood deposits of millions of years ago – wood grown in fast growing forests for the purpose of fuel is renewable. The land can be replanted with new trees and the 'wood' crop can be reproduced. Of course, it takes quite a long time.Other forms of renewable energy are even better from an environmental point of view. Energy generated by wind turbines or hydroelectric powerare renewable – and they can be constantly and instantly replenished. Solar energy is another good renewable energy source.