arlesterc

Hello. At about 4:53 in this video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QdtwRJdVsM there is a map of the world with major haplogroups. A lot of Europe and Middle East is in red. Africa is mostly green. However there is an island of red a little above the middle of Africa and a little west of center surrounded entirely by green. What is that area? Which countries and peoples belong in that chunk? What is the connection between that chunk and the red areas in Europe and the mid-east? What are the actual haplogroups, haplotypes represented in the red chunk? Any time taken to respond is appreciated in advance. P.S. I did post the author on Youtube but did not hear back so I posted here.

Hello. I was watching a Youtube video on biochemistry and out of the blue the presenter threw out the word microcell without any explanation. I googled and found very little explanation though I saw many artlcles using the term. This was pretty well the only explanation I saw: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microcell (biology) A simple cell consisting of a nucleus and protoplasm within a membrane In my searching I found the term 'whole cell' and also 'micronucleotide' - but again not much in the way of explaining them or distinguishing them from each other. Any clarification would be appreciated.

Thanks for the additional info and detail. However I am still not getting a picture (and perhaps there is no picture to be had) of the 'flow' out of Africa. At one extreme there would be a single small group of homo sapien hunter-gatherers who moved out of Africa in one 'voyage' and from that group came the poplulations of the world outside of Africa. At the other end of the spectrum it may be let's say 10000 small small groups of homo sapien hunter-gatherers who trekked out at varying times over a period of 10000 years. (Again these are just broad-brush concepts.) What I would like to know is an approximate range of the number of groups/total size of the 'migrating' groups and the approximate timeline of the moving. So for instance - 500 - 1000 small groups of hunter gatherers for a total population of 3000-6000 individuals coming out of Africa over a period of 500 - 1000 years. So whether two waves or one wave or three waves what did that wave look like in numbers and time. It seems to me there has to be some guesses have been made - I just can't readily locate them other than the obscure article I referred to. I am not interested in the dynamics after a group has made it out of Africa. I am interested only in how many got to Plymouth Rock so to speak. Whether they returned, parted after Plymouth rock, is not of interest to me at this stage. I am just trying to get a guesstimate of how many came out of Africa and over how long a period of time that took place - again whichever wave theory is involved. If it's the case there were bursts of migrants during certain periods but inbetween there was continuous migration albeit very small and scattered that would be of value for me to know as well. If there are some population specialists who could provide theories as to how many 'Out of Africa' individuals would have been necessary to get to the Out of Africa population we have today working with the various timelines of the different wave theories that are in play now that would be helpful. For instance, if the wave is assumed ot be 50 K - 70 K ago then it would have taken x - y original population to get to the population we have now. However if there were two waves and one was 80-60 K ago and then other was 30-50 K ago then the populations of each would have been w-x and y-z respectively to get to the population we have today. I understand that these might be conjectures/speculation more than theory but still would like to see what some experts might conjecture at this point in time. Again I appreciate the ongoing attention to my query and all feedback/pointers received.

Thanks. A little more digging and I found this: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953791/ The migration of modern humans out of Africa is thought to be accompanied by a population bottleneck. The size of the population(s) migrating out of Africa is estimated to be ~600 effective founding females (i.e., census size of ~1800 females) on the basis of mtDNA evidence (62, 120), to be ~1000 effective founding males and females (i.e., census size of ~3000 individuals) based on the analysis of 783 autosomal microsatellites genotyped in the Center d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) human genome diversity panel (HGDP) (112), and to be ~1500 (i.e., a census size of ~4500 individuals) based on a combined analysis of mtDNA, Y chromosome, and X chromosome nucleotide diversity data (72). These estimates imply that Eurasians must have rapidly expanded to a larger size to account for estimates of a long-term effective population size (Ne) of ~10,000 individuals (census size of ~30,000 individuals) for global populations (172, 243). Indeed, several recent studies indicate a rapid expansion of Eurasian populations within the past ~50,000 years, whereas Africans have maintained a large effective population size (72, 125, 243). So this 'wave of the first homo sapiens out of Africa' if it is correct seems to indicate a one-time relatively small total number. It however doesn't say whether they moved out en masse, how long a period was involved, incremental structure of move, relations between the members of the groups - families, clans, neigbours - where from, etc. Is there any reason to believe this number/theory is not accurate? Any place to find out more about these few thousand people?

I have had a hard time Googling to find out some specifics about the Out of Africa migration theories - here are the questions I have not been able to determine - and maybe they are not determinable right now - I understand that possibility. So, what is meant by a wave - a single bunch of people moving out of Africa as a single bunch one shot move or several bunches moving over a short period of time? How many people would be in such bunches? Can these bunches who left be traced to a specific fairly pinpointed place of leaving/specific cohesive group or did they come from different places maybe unknown to each other? Africa, East Africa, Northeast Africa, Kenya, etc. are fairly 'big' locations - can the origin be traced a little more finely. With either scenario is the assumption then the moving stopped completely - no more bunch/bunches/individuals moving out of Africa and if so why would that have been the case? Why would it stop? As far as the moving itself would it have been a constant moving so trekking day after day after day and finally finding the special spot and settling in? Or would it have been the bunch breaking into smaller bunches settling at different points some closer, some farther away from the origin? Any enlightenment is appreciated.