exchemist

Hmm, I see what you mean. There are no extra degrees of freedom, though. Diatomic molecules all have 2 rotational degrees of freedom. But ortho can only populate odd numbered rotational energy levels while para can populate only even levels. I had to look this up (it's badly explained or not explained in Wiki) but it appears the issue is that ortho hydrogen is a triplet state, in which the total nuclear spin of 1 can be orientated +1, 0 or -1 with respect to the axis of rotation, thereby multiplying the numbers of rotational states available by 3, i.e. each rotational level has 3-fold degeneracy, whereas the para states do not. So at RTP, with kT>> ε for rotation, you end up with a 3:1 ratio, just because there are more ways for ortho to have a certain amount of rotational energy. I think that's it, at least.

It seems to me it's actually quite hard to simulate fast food crap in home cooking. Things like burgers generate massive amounts of smoke, while fried stuff requires a deep fryer and huge amount of oil, which is a nuisance to dispose of. Pizzas are really hard to make, at least if you want a proper pizza base to them, rather than a fake pre-made thing. Cooking proper, simple things at home is quite likely to result in you eating healthily. It is ordering stuff in, because you can't face cooking for yourself, where the problems often seem to start.

For a while at least. Though from what I read, the rotational J=1 state of ortho does eventually relax to J=0 as the ortho gradually converts to para, by the various non-radiative means of relaxation we have been discussing.

The problem with trying to tackle it mechanically is that means quantum mechanically. What has happened is the wave functions of the orbital have become distorted by the nucleus being off-centre. One can't really speak of nice neat forces, acting between the nucleus and electrons as particles, in this scenario. So the energy approach, which is what the Hamiltonian does in Schrödinger's equation, seems to be the only way to describe what happens, so far as I can see. I'm not sure how the heat capacity stuff relates to what we have been discussing. Can you elucidate?

Yes....by creating the transitory fluctuations in magnetic field that I referred to. The way I think of it (rightly or wrongly) is like this. If you consider one nucleus, it is experiencing a magnetic field from the other one in the molecule, so it partially aligns, either with against that field. Standard space quantisation. In a collision, a 3rd nucleus comes up, just as close as the one to which it is bonded, maybe closer. So what magnetic field does the first nucleus now see? Some sort of resultant, with different alignment and different field strength. So it will now try to align with that. But this state has only transitory existence, so its energy levels will be poorly defined (uncertainty principle). And then after the collision the situation reverts to what it was before. But as a result of this there is a probability that the nucleus does not come out of the interaction with the same orientation in which it entered. Regarding centralisation of the nucleus, the electron cloud is centred on the nucleus and if it moves, leaving the nucleus off-centre, the electron cloud becomes distorted, leading to a higher energy state, which is resolved by the nucleus re-centring itself.

The macro is certainly built on the quantum level micro. Much of macro level behaviour is emergent from quantum level behaviour via such things as statistical mechanics.

Thanks, that seems to support my bond breaking hypothesis then.

How interesting. Molecular hydrogen can get adsorbed onto iron compounds and may dissociate on the surface into atoms. If it does that, then I would expect it to prefer to pair up with an atom of opposed spin before desorbing again, since that has the lower of the two energy states. But I'm just guessing about the mechanism.

I would imagine it has to be via emission and absorption of microwave radiation corresponding to the energy of the transition between the two states, as in nmr. Later note: Sorry, no, it can't be. The probability of spontaneous emission at RF frequencies is negligible, because of the ν³ rule. It must be the presence of fluctuating external fields from neighbouring molecules that does it, cf. spin-lattice relaxation in nmr. (This was all a long time ago so my recollection is hazy, to say the least.)

You could start a thread called "Gloss". 😁

No it was a fair cop in that I had been using it to poke fun at a Brazilian crank, which was a bit rude of me. But I wasn't being rude about Brazilians, which is what the mod seemed to think. (I'm quite well in with the local Brazilian community, as it happens.) Anyway, the moral of the story for me is that making assumptions about shared culture is risky.

True. Though we are starting to see them screw up: Trump, Boris Johnson, Erdogan, Putin, Bolsonaro......

Sure. Nativist movements like Trumpism certainly don't tend to come from university students, nor religious fundamentalism.

Isn't that where just about all ideologies start? Certainly true of the Reich example.

What do you mean by unique in this context? If you mean novel, i.e. one nobody knows about yet, then obviously we can't help you. If you want a UV absorber that only absorbs in a hydrated form, then I'm sure there must be candidates. Possibly some of the organic dyes even. But hard to think of offhand.

Not sure you are right about environmentalism. It seems to be the dominant ideology among the young these days, as I know from the associates of my 19yr old son, now at university. .

For that wouldn't you need evidence of phenomena that can't be predicted by existing physics? Though I suppose dark energy might be a candidate. But there are plenty of different kinds of mechanics: quantum, statistical, Newtonian, Hamiltonian........

Really? These people are still selling indicator paper impregnated with CoCL2. https://uk.vwr.com/store/product/2994210/cobalt-ii-chloride-paper-in-strips-for-detection-of-water-vapour

If Fox loses, it certainly wont be green for them. But I'm not sure why you see Reich vs. Fox as the only 2 choices. Surely we are going somewhere else now, aren't we?

Anhydrous cobalt chloride. Goes from blue to pink and is often used to colour dessicants such as silica gel, so you know if they are still active or not.

Having been rapped over the knuckles by the mods for referring to Brazil as "where the nuts come from", I suppose I should explain that this is a reference to a catchphrase from "Charley's Aunt". This is a late Victorian farce, subsequently made into more than one film, with a plot involving an Oxford undergraduate in drag, pretending to be an aunt returned from Brazil, "where the nuts come from". https://www.comedy.co.uk/film/charleys_big_hearted_aunt/about/

Editions Saint Honoré, which published the book you refer to, is listed here as a publisher not to be used on any account: https://piegesauteur.blogspot.com/2015/11/liste-maisons-dedition.html ("pieges auteur" meaning traps for author.) But you are in Brazil, right? Where the nuts come from? And according to this you have even written to President Lula about your ideas: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368242832_Request_sent_to_President_Lula Hmm.

OK. What I would do then is to look up the journal on Wikipedia or something. You can quite quickly tell from that which ones are prestigious or at least well-recognised. It can also sometimes be worth looking up the authors, especially when there is only a single author saying something eccentric, just to make sure he or she is not a well-known crank or charlatan. For suspicious journals you can check Beall"s List of potentially predatory journals: https://beallslist.net For suspected cranks there there is the Encyclopedia of American Loons: https://americanloons.blogspot.com/2022/ , though sadly this is very incomplete and only deals with one country.

There is no recognised term quantum magnetism, so far as I am aware. The OP seems to be referring to simple, day-to-day ferromagnetism, of the kind exhibited by an ordinary permanent magnet. The term "quantum" seems to add no information.

To my mind this is all getting too speculative to be useful. I can only make a few suggestions as to why it is yellow. Could be protein. Could be a bit of one of the coloured porphyrin type compounds I mentioned. Could be a trace of iron, e.g.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_acetate . Or something else entirely. Eggshells, like just about anything biological, are not a pure chemical substance. But by all means try heating it to see what happens to the colour, or recrystallising to see if it comes out whiter.