interested

The following link is pretty simple, and explains your polarization problems, in none too technical terms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves) Basically with no maths the first polarizing filter re-polarizes half of the non polarized light, via diffraction and delays in the propagation of the none polarized light passing through the filter.

NO NO NO in relativity space time is x,y,z, and t, time being a 4th dimension responsible for the curvature of space, at least that is what I think you told me.

How does a lack of musical ability or tone deafness make a person Autistic. My friends son is Autistic and is extremely musically gifted in 30 second bursts at least. Socially he does not function well with strangers, but musically he is gifted. Autism is a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people it does not as far as I am aware make some one tone deaf.

There are lots of links to follow, for me at the moment I like quantum field theory, but have also looked at string theory, and relativity. You may like to try different theories, depending on the scale you are looking at. Here is a wiki link to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory Swansont gave me a tip when searching the web, if you add arxiv to the search parameters you get more technical results than the usual pop science that turns up with google. Here is a hit with arxiv in the search https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0510040 and the pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0510040.pdf What level of info do you prefer Oh and anything Mordred says read it and absorb it.

That is a relief I had him down as an idiot. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbecile Moron is a big improvement on being an idiot.

yes, why do you ask

angular momentum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

Three solar masses of energy escaped from inside a black hole as gravitational energy. Here is me being led to believe nothing gets out except maybe Hawking radiation. How was the 3 solar mass reduction detected in the merged BH? Could the 3 solar masses have been Dark Matter which did not need to escape the BH, because it was not inside the BH? How are theories on quantum gravity coming on, do any allow for a big bounce, a bit like a big bang. Is Quantum loop gravity able to explain anything about BH's yet. Do you know of any papers out lining what phase transitions may be applicable. How is mass converted to a gravity wave, radiating outwards from a BH at light speed.

I am aware I may be pushing the Mantra "all things are quantum fluctuations and or excitations" beyond breaking point, and am aware it is best applied only when zooming in to the very small scale. Other models are better suited when zooming out. However staying zoomed in, what at the quantum level constitutes a gravitational wave or maybe dark energy? Could it be the absorption and emission of virtual particles? What has caught my attention in the recent BH merger detected by Ligo is the loss of 3 solar masses. This is passed of as being converted to gravitational energy. Where did the mass go, how was it converted into a gravity wave or nothing inside the BH. The gravitional attraction from the BH reduced by 3 solar masses after the merger, no mass escaped the BH, where did the mass go? Was it driven out of existence via some phase transition from quantum excitations to fluctuations. How are quantum fluctuations and excitations affected by extreme gravity? Even gravitons if they exist must flow into a Black hole not out, as will all other forms of quantum fields. So where did the 3 solar masses go?

Phase transitions took place during the big bang, is it likely these are reversed inside a black hole due to pressure and temperature?

Yes it can damage your eye sight. Electric Welding Flash from arc welders can cause damage to your eyes and severe irritation like having your eyes full of sand, this is common in heavy industry where people are working in the vicinity of electric arc welding with their eyes unprotected. Laser Pens are also dangerous to your eye sight if pointed directly at your eyes. Looking at direct sunlight is not healthy either.

Here is a bit more on various ether theories some of which influenced modern physics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories

If all things are quantum fluctuations and or excitations (QFT) they cause the stressing of space time and the effect seen in classical theory as gravitational waves. Dark energy as you know could be due to quantum fluctuations in space, which could equally be described by Einsteins original equations according to this group of mathematicians https://phys.org/news/2017-12-dark-energy-mathematicians-alternative-explanation.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter QFT and Relativity should if they are both correct be getting the same answers and both should apply. They are just different ways of looking at the same thing, as is string theory. I will grant you one theory may be more suitable or be a better fit to a problem at different scales or levels of complexity. However they all overlap and should be giving approximately the same answer. Obviously Relativity displaced Newtons ideas, but Newtons ideas are still applicable in almost all mechanical applications as you are aware. I make very little up. However I do read a lot, think and gather ideas, which I then ask questions about. Unless Mordred has been misleading me, all things are quantum fluctuations and or excitations, this includes gravity, or the stressing of space time. The theoretical graviton is a spin 2 boson and it is a quantum excitation is it not?

I think this should go here Mathematicians claim dark matter and an accelerating universe is to be expected from einsteins original equations. Doing without dark energy: Mathematicians propose alternative explanation for cosmic acceleration https://phys.org/news/2017-12-dark-energy-mathematicians-alternative-explanation.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter

All things are Quantum fluctuations and or excitations, the ether is not needed. LIGO is a big version of the Michelson Morley experiment which was designed to detect movement through the ether. LIGO however detects gravitational waves and is whole lot bigger and more sensitive than Michelson Morley. http://www.bossyboson.com/black-hole-merger-at-ligo/

black hole merger noddies guide It is interesting that all things being quantum fluctuations or excitations, that 3 solar masses of energy are given off at the merger in the form of ONE or MULTIPLE gravitational waves. I had previously thought that as the black hole event horizons merged gravity increased, and then was released with A gravitational wave radiating outwards containing the equivalent of 3 solar masses of energy. Other than the obvious Hawking radiation and gravitational energy escaping a black hole, nothing else gets out. Gravitational waves are on the large scale are fluctuations in space time, on the small scale they are quantum fluctuations travelling through space as a wave. Does this mean 3 solar masses were converted inside the black hole to Quantum fluctuations which were ejected as a wave into space? Does this further mean that mass is possible being decomposed into radiation quantum excitations and then down to just quantum fluctuations in space inside the black hole. Ie did the black hole decompose the 3 solar masses of matter/energy inside the BH's into Quantum fluctuations forming a gravitational wave?

Apologies for the question. I was reading several papers at once, and was being distracted by a mixture of string theory quantum theory and relativity whilst looking at similarities. Having taken a walk after asking the question, and slept I answered the question myself, I think!. Thanks for coming back. A question remains in my head on how many spacial dimensions could there be, I will keep reading until I form an opinion. I was as you are aware trying to get a glimpse of what might lie beyond the event horizon of a black hole. I was getting a lot of conflicting answers re what I was looking at, which disagree with some of what has been written by others on this thread. I was struck by the similarity of black hole structure using space time, fundamental particles and quantum BH which sent me down a different line of thought on particle physics etc etc. Clearly I need to focus on the small things first. Quantum BH's are I understand only theoretical and about as small as they can get, does anyone have any insight into these and Quantum excitations, or interactions with quantum fluctuations? My view is a Quantum BH would be devoid of Quantum fluctuations is this correct? On the larger scale a BH having a theoretical singularity caused by quantum excitations would also be devoid of quantum fluctuations approaching the singularity, is this completely wrong? In string theory Quantum excitations are represented by oscillating strings. Do the oscillations speed up under higher gravity conditions? Does the relative speed of a fermion, closed string affect its frequency? ie can a particle be blue or red shifted inside a black hole?

I have really managed to confuse myself, by looking at anti de sitter space in black holes. De Sitter, Minkowski and Anti De Sitter I grasped, then things started going down hill. Space is not just x,y,z,t space time with 4 coordinates. It has at least 4 spacial dimensions in some weird incomprehensible membrane or surface, that expands and wraps around everything, including all quantum fluctuations and excitations. Is there a idiots guide to anti de sitter space inside a black hole. I have found lots of very technical/philosophical papers full of jargon and barely comprehensible maths. Just how many dimensions can de sitter space have. I wound up with 10 space time dimensions, before my head exploded. Does it also apply to particles as well at the quantum level and the universe as a whole. ref the two singularities and event horizons merging I read that the singularities would merge along with their event horizons which has been observed. There seems to multiple ideas ref what is inside a black hole

Wake up! Politicians are the most selfish SOB's on the planet. No politician does anything for nothing, there is always method in the madness. What does he hope to gain in destabilizing the region? He is already elected he does not need votes, what is his game? Oil prices, religious fulfillment, world war, big business interests, what does he stand to gain for america appearing as a twat in the middle east to not just the Palestinans but the rest of the world as well. Another other way of viewing this is controversially that Israel runs America via the Senate, and America is simply doing Israels bidding. What is the majority religion of the senators in America, who runs the country, Israel or the American people. Politicians only do something like destabilizing an area if they have something to gain by doing so or something to lose by not doing so. They do not do it out of the goodness of their hearts. smoke and mirrors

Ok Dokey thanks for the link, the most interesting thing was the ring singularity at the centre of spinning black holes. Since galaxies spin I assume this ring singularity applies to all Black holes at the centre of all spinning galaxies. Other than that there was little speculation ref what goes on inside the event horizon, which is interesting. The maths for me was a trip down memory lane, a few 2nd order differential equations combined with some light trig, as MIGL said not too difficult. I am guessing no one has speculations ref two event horizons converging, and whether their singularities would ever converge. But thanks all for the input. If any one wants to ask questions on any thread I have started please do. Dont be shy, shy kids get nowt.

Excellent link, thank you very much. With reference to things never reaching the centre of a black hole, what happens when two black holes merge, do they ever form a single singularity or core inside the new event horizon . I will go away and study the link, and google your other posts, before asking any more stupid questions.

Kevin Myers (born 30 March 1947) is an Irish journalist and writer. He writes for the Irish edition of the Sunday Times, having previously been a columnist for the Irish Independent and a former contributor to The Irish Times, where he wrote the "An Irishman's Diary" opinion column several times weekly. Until 2005, he wrote for the UK Sunday Telegraph. His articles criticise left-wing opinion and the "liberal consensus", sometimes incorporating hyperbole, sarcasm and parody. This essay appeared in The Irish Independent: Somalia is not a humanitarian disaster; it is an evolutionary disaster. The current drought is not the worst in 50 years, as the BBC and all the aid organisations claim. It is nothing compared to the droughts in 1960/61 or 73/74. And there are continuing droughts every 5 years or so. It's just that there are now four times the population; having been kept alive by famine relief, supplied by aid organisations, over the past 50 years. So, of course, the effects of any drought now, is a famine. They cannot even feed themselves in a normal rainfall year. ... Does any one have an opinion on this article they would like to share or discuss??? It is a controversial view that I had not come across before.

My understanding is and I also may be wrong. Is that the British allowed high levels of immigration until the Palestinians got uppety about it, they then stopped it. Some where along the line the Americans took over and allowed immigration to continue. This is history and the early days of the problem and a grievance the Palestinians are hanging onto. What are Trumps motives, what has he got to gain by his actions, if like has been suggested he is not a religious nut. He has placed travel bans on people from the middle east and parts of Africa to America. Not including Saudia Arabia where the 9/11 terrorists came from. Could he be trying to provoke a war, this would be good for weapons sales and business. Clearly he is not making any friends or improving the lives of people who will be affected by his actions. What is his game? Assuming Trump is not a complete Asshole(I may well be wrong on this also), he must have a reason that will benefit himself, or his friends, or America in some way, by his actions. Your average Israeli or Palestinian living in Jerusalem are not going to be over whelmed by the deteriorating security situation. This is a bit of micky take ie wind up but! Would a political work around be to declare Jerusalem a separate state like the Vatican in Rome. Perhaps priests, vicars, monks and immans from Jerusalem could all travel on diplomatic passports like the vatican priests, maybe the chief imman could address the American senate like the Pope. America has freedom of religion embedded into the declaration of rights including the right to carry arms and kill people. Would the same declaration of rights work in Jerusalem, would they be able to achieve the same murder rates as America. What the hell is trump up to? what does he hope to gain?

Galaxies are thought to have black holes at their centre. The centre of a stationery disc has a location and if you travel towards it you will reach it. The same is for a rotating disc except you are fighting against centripetal force. If everything is travelling at light speed towards the centre on arrival it will splat or smear over the surface adding to the mass. Are you saying that inside a black hole contrary to all the normal pop science I read mass has not been shrunk down to the size of a walnut, it just vanishes and does not cause further compression of said walnut down to the plank length. If something enters a black hole and is accelerated by gravity to its centre, to increase the mass of the black hole but never reaches the singularity, are you effectively saying space is expanding inside the black hole. All things are quantum fluctuations and or excitations. They are the cause of gravity, without quantum fluctuations and or excitations there is no gravity, no forces nada, didly squat. Dark energy is thought by some to be caused by quantum fluctuations in space, gravity could also be caused by the absorption of quantum fluctuations by mass, ie a unidirectional flow towards mass. Could an absence of quantum fluctuations/virtual particles represent a black hole singularity. Further Mordred posted this earlier under quantum entanglement " Let us look at a Feyman diagram which is a representation in and unto itself specifically thee amplitudes of particle reactions. e+↘e−↗⇝γ↗u−↘u+ Not pretty but close enough. The inbound legs on the diagonal arrows is the particles we typically define as real ie not virtual. Same as the outbound diagonal lines. In th actual diagrams the lines are all connected." Inside a black hole could the Feynman diagram give some insight. Could particles on collision with their anti particle or singularity not convert to radiation, but convert to a virtual particle and vanish.

What is in it for Trump, other than votes at home. He cant be so stupid that he would not realize it would destabilize the area a little bit. To say it is a political distraction from politics at home, is a bit blinkered. To destabilize a country to get a senator elected who happens to like little girls, is not plausible. What is his game? Palestine has no natural resources the only thing that they export is possibly tourism, and religion. The tourism part will be damaged by trumps action and will not benefit America in any form of taxable revenue. Religion does not benefit any country financially, ie it is tax exempt. How can his actions be of benefit to the average American, American business, or lobby groups. Who in America will benefit from his actions.