Vmedvil

(Oregon University, who stole it from Alexander Freidmann) http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec22.html

Well, it depends on the amount of Deuterium created each second, before hydrogen fusion to helium two hydrogen atoms fuse to become Deuterium and one proton decays into a neutron this releases a W+ particle which decays into a positron and neutrino, you can calculate the total neutrino release by the rate of transformation of Hydrogen to Deuterium. Its isotope used in hydrogen fusion to helium 4. Secondly, you calculate the neutrino energy-mass which is E= λMC^2, just as any other mass having particle with velocity. These being electron neutrinos released during Hydrogen to Deuterium transformation.

Well, I am not going to explain this twice in the same forum read this thread, it explains it http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/110290-so-called-dark-energy-and-gravity/ No, the Universe is not gaining Energy.

No, it is not infinite just much lower than normal matter even superconductors do not actually have zero resistance, it is just EXTREMELY small. You can test this by running a AC current instead of DC current into a superconductor.

Yes, read about Quantum tunneling, but in classical physics no.

Well, you have most of this wrong there is a max speed limit, the speed of light. The Newtonian law is just a relationship and a incorrect relationship at that as proved by Einstein but works well at things moving slowly, in any case, Force does not cause damage that is an incorrect statement Force causes acceleration. Photons do not have mass. Gravity is caused by Energy-Stress of mass on time-space, there would still be gravity. The Reason that Newtons laws of are true is Energy-Stress Tensor and momentum.

Well, I am going to put this equation down here to say that mass density increases expansion just as Dark Energy, so the answer to this original question is no, which the expansion magnitude is equal to the Hubble constant. Which matter density is general relativistic being based on the Einstein Tensor and Dark Energy is based on the Cosmological constant. So, no Dark energy is definitely bending the fabric of the universe in the same direction as gravity, if you had no Dark Energy nor Matter in the universe you would get a net expansion of negative under these laws on the Fabric and the universe would start to contract, but the Curvature of the universe does actually oppose Matter and Dark Energy, but size of the universe makes curvature oppose it less. I think that was your actual question. So, begin to curve the universe more or we will all freeze to death, punch a wall or something. That was a joke, it is based on Reimann curvature, something that I don't think can change.

Well, I would suggest getting books related to physics, get a old physics 101 or physics 201 if you want calculus based. That is the way I did it beginning my Biophysics career but in my case I had always been interested in physics, I think my first book at age 9 was Steven Hawking's Universe in a Nutshell, which non mathematically explains M-Theory. In any case, Old physics books are really cheap as the universities does not use that older version anymore, but the Universe certainly does.

Yes, that has to do with symmetry it can be turned 360 degrees before seeing itself, but I was trying to explains this in Newtonian mechanics by spin I mean Angular Velocity.

You are right you cannot reach the speed of light but i did not want to type 9, 44 times. Plank length is the size of a unit of space the amount of space traveled moving at the speed of light in a plank time, I don't know exactly why but due to something, which I cannot for the life of me remember they are the smallest. Look into Quantum Mechanics, something to do with a photon and String, I think a plank time is the Time speed of a photon or something, which nothing can move slower than being the measurement of something moving at the speed of light's time speed being at Light's velocity.

The max speed of acceleration would be from Zero directly to the speed of light, nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, the energy required to do that feat for anything with mass would be infinite, lets say you had a mass of 1 kilogram as our "Test Mass", the max acceleration would be from 0 to C which is an acceleration of 299,792,458 m/s^2, the fastest you can accelerate because at the point of the speed of light your acceleration would drop to zero. This is because the Force and Energy required to accelerate yourself past the speed of light would be infinite due to Relative mass under GR, which has been proven to be correct. Solve this equation for traveling at the speed of light, you will find that no matter your original mass your mass at the speed of light is indeed infinite or undefined, the measurements even go insane as you approach the speed of light to almost infinite numbers. If you remember, that Force is defined as Mass * Acceleration, then to accelerate a infinite mass it would take a infinite force to accelerate it at all. Secondly, you may say well, I can accelerate to the speed of light in as little time as I want then, well no there is limit in our universe to the smallest amount of time which is Plank Time, which is the smallest unit of time possible in the universe made from natural units. This being about 5.39106*10^-44 seconds a very short amount of time. So, you could in theory accelerate to the speed of light in one plank time which would require a near infinite amount of Force, but in theory the max acceleration of a object is 1.03 * 10 ^ 95 m/s^2 if you were to accelerate directly from Zero to the speed of light in one plank time or 2.06*10^95 m/tp^2 if you were going the speed of light in the direction then reversed to go the speed of light in the 180 degree direction, Now you would think this is correct, but still not quite there you have failed to realize that converting to a different set of units makes this not balanced because now we are in plank units, So you have to count in Plank lengths, which Lp/tp = C which makes your max acceleration still 299,792,458 Lp/tp^2

Yes, all of a photons Energy-mass is from movement that is why you get the colors, different frequencies, each frequency of photon has a different amount of energy the higher the frequency the higher the energy. The reason for this is that the higher the frequency of the photon the more spin/vibration kinetic energy of the photon thus more energy stored in the system, all photons travel at C, but not all photons spin/vibrate at the same speed. The Plank's constant is a measurement h shows the ratio of spin/vibration with the equation E=hf for light energy which is stored not as mass but spin/Vibration. There is a more detailed version of the equation below, which shows the movement upon all dimensions of a photon to energy, this what the simplified form E= hf is formed from this differential equation, Einstein just simplified it.