From Wikipedia: "The Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS) is the barrier that protected the Space Shuttle Orbiter during the searing 1,650 °C (3,000 °F) heat of atmospheric reentry. " (it mentions several materials that are used.
I would like to know how to create such tiles. I am not building a space shuttle, but think that this material can be useful in a fire-prone area. Perhaps stucco infused with TPS particles would save some houses. Or a thin coating sprayed over an existing house. Or perhaps am underground 'safe room' that could withstand high temperatures (somewhat similar to tornado shelters used in the mid-west).