Fuad

IF...... smart guys have done this commercial and all not true. Existing natural gas distribution infrastructure unable to handle hydrogen flow. Simply, H and carbohydrogens have absolutely different permeability specs. Just check handbooks and you will find that gear used for natural gas is not suitable for H. So simple. Yes. Dimensions and mass is bigger for Na but for grid storage is not. Mobile applications Li is more than enough. My personal view is that Hydrogen technology will replace diesel for ships and probably for airplanes. For grid storage Na is more than efficient element to switch from coal/gas/oil/nuke to renewable. No one solution for all cases. Nature developed raw materials for looong time and we almost used it in something like for 200 years. But Sun is ideal source of life on our blue planet and emits almost 1KW onto each 1 sq m on sea level!!! We never ever need and use energy such dense. Matter is just smart way to use this present of Mother Nature.

In case mass is not critical Na may replace Li due to almost no limit for presence and cost. Efficiency is only matter in overall industry. Climate control I meant simply HVAC as one of the main consumer of the generated electric power. To spend it for hydrogen generation does not make any sense. BTW, managing hydrogen is very difficult and dangerous business. Recent FT article is good one from real world. https://www.ft.com/content/acd3d02e-7a39-3db3-914e-aae95c39f0ff

Any. Elements exist as cations and anions but electrode might be even graphite. F.e. Li or Na as chemical elements has almost absolutely same properties.

What is purpose to keep Sodium as pure metal? Actually, Na one of the most common elements and today's race for rare elements should stop> We are simply did not find proper use of each element yet. Just personal point of view . In general, all is simple in our life but we as human make them difficult.

In general, all required elements are on the floor. Li will be replaced Na and all practically unlimited natural resources make available to generate all our needs. Now, mankind in transition stage of technological upgrade and we learn step by step. All industry and lifestyle in transition based on new principles. Very exciting.

This is nuclear physics and works in absolutely other level of nature and energy. But ii is the best we may imagine up to date.

Your point is clear. My point is that energy stored by 1 kg Li by electrochemical method (battery storage) is not equal to chemical energy released burning 1 kg Li using Oxygen. Both in theoretical ideal approach. So, any type of Li-X battery can not store same amount of energy released by same amount of Li burned by Oxygen due to different nature of processes.

Li-ion battery is energy (electric) storage but not energy source. In case you use endothermic chemical reaction energy from Li plus Oxygen (or Sulfur, F, etc.) and get Li2O, you should use same amount energy to split this molecule to get metallic Li. Li-ion battery is storing electric energy of outer source and works on different level of lelctrochemical energy storing - much less than Li burning with Oxygen. There are two absolutely different physical principles of electric energy accumulators and endothermic chemical energy release burning of metal. There is also one principal point - efficiency of electric motors vs internal combustion engines (thermodynamic cycle) where electric motors have .90% efficiency vs max 25% of ANY type of thermodynamic machine. It is why future is electric.

Reacting with atmospheric oxygen and releasing energy is not equal to one electrochemical element with one side as Li may accumulate. It is totally different physical, chemical and electrochemical basics. 1. If we have electric, what is reason to go for hydrogen? It decreases overall total efficiency of our tasks sch as transport, climate control, etc..... 2. As highly permeable gas, hydrogen requires another level of infrastructure which means expensive. 3. Using hydrogen as fuel for transport means low efficiency vs electric motors (>95%) from any point of view 1st argument is covering all cons. There are no sense to generate hydrogen from electric power. And in reality it is not easy process as seems .

There is something is wrong. Li - ion battery energy is around 1 MJ per kg (0.9-2.3 MJ per cubic dm). Where did you get this 50 MJ ? I assume we are talking on different issues.

What is weight and cost of batteries of semi's? Did you think about? Yes. Ton and cost is half of vehicle. Simply because there are just box and few electric motors and some plastic and rubber only for ~$100K. So, just see cost and weight of today's electric cars. Soon Na will replace Li and cost and deficit issue disappear at all.

In Netherlands a small city designed with no traffic lights at all and ....... it works !!!

Recently had article explaining that Li soon should be replaced by sodium (Na). It solves deficit, cost and environmental problems in their root. Hydrogen? Is big problem from generating, logistics and safety. Electric is near future.

There is only 2% of lithium from total weight of batteries. Max 20 kg per vehicle, even less

Hi, Looks like all sensors required - cameras of any type - already in place. Needs to make massive network and real AI approach though. And expand adding more nodes and real time ML.