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Hi, Sources: allegory of the cave (Socrates and Plato); === time and space are part of mind (Kant); === Dependency grammar (Lucien Tesnière); === Transactional analysis (Eric Berne); “I think, therefore I am.” No, “I think, therefore I am live.” To live is to eat, to work is to feed and vice versa. - transactions; hunger - The types of hunger: (a) food-hunger; (b) stimulus-hunger; (c) recognition-hunger; (d) structure-hunger. Pages 12-13 (a), (b) and (c) SOCIAL INTERCOURSE. Page 14 (d) THE STRUCTURING OF TIME. Games people play, Eric Berne https://archive.org/details/games-people-play-the-psycholo-eric-berne/mode/2up?view=theater === The Blind Men and the Elephant (a thing is a connection - Equivalence) /John Godfrey Saxe's (1816-1887) version of the famous Indian legend/ It was six men of Indostan, To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind), That each by observation Might satisfy his mind. The First approach'd the Elephant, And happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to bawl: "God bless me! but the Elephant Is very like a wall!" The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, -"Ho! what have we here So very round and smooth and sharp? To me 'tis mighty clear, This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a spear!" The Third approach'd the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up and spake: "I see," -quoth he- "the Elephant Is very like a snake!" The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt about the knee: "What most this wondrous beast is like Is mighty plain," -quoth he,- "'Tis clear enough the Elephant Is very like a tree!" The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear, Said- "E'en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an Elephant Is very like a fan!" The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Then, seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his scope, "I see," -quoth he,- "the Elephant Is very like a rope!" And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each in his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right, And all were in the wrong! MORAL, So, oft in theologic wars The disputants, I ween, Rail on in utter ignorance Of what each other mean; And prate about an Elephant Not one of them has seen!

Hi, Instrumental case Two things, the 1st and the 2nd, exist together. The connection which binds them is is"(full name non_Genitive_is"). The 2nd takes an Instrumental case ending or another case's ending or no ending at all. The 2nd thing can be: (a) the image of the 1st as in John (1st) - driver (2nd); (b) the image of the action (the verb); (c) the instrument; (d) time; (e) place. === Latin's Case System === Genitive - Instrumental, have - be, of - with, Observer (event) - Speaker (sentence) are suspicious pairs. The speaker should be incorporated in the structure of the simple sentence. Then Grammatical mood should be the State/Quality of the speaker/observer (observer is a thing). Noun, verb, adjective (number is an adjective), adverb, preposition, conjunction (and, or, ... ), grammatical mood, grammatical case, grammatical tense, ... Basic English Grammar For Learning Latin Part I (3:31 min.) Basic English Grammar For Learning Latin Part II (7:24 min.) === Time: exact_moment; not_exact_moment; (places in 0-d and 1-d) 0-d Exact_moments here are: now/Present(ever); then/Past(ever); then/Future(ever). Present is a set (a set is a thing) of Past and Future. It is used for stating general truth. Simple tenses are here: present simple tense, past simple tense, future simple tense. --- 1-d Exact_moments here are: now/Present; then/Past; then/Future; Future in the past; ... There are 3 not_exact_moments for every exact_moment: past; present; future. /participles, .../ Compound tenses are here. === ...

Hi, Phi for All, I am glad that you are interested. I needed a grammar for English, German, Russian, Turkish and so on. I did not need a grammar for "my" language. This thread is about a dependency grammar. It is a guesswork (trial and error). It has flaws. It is unfinished. 0-d space is not about physics. The idea is that each connection that binds two or more things is that space. The connections are: Equivalence, Set, Connection_over_1 (State/Quality/intransitive verb'), Definition, Embedding and "Next-ness" (transitive verb"). I do not know how to express conjunctions. This morning I wanted to make two posts but somehow they merged into one. Thank you again. Hi, Bufofrog, Yes, to many words. Simple sentence/Event is made of things and connections. "Simple sentence" (the Name of the Event) is made of words (word is thing). one event: Apple is' red' many "simple sentences" "simple sentence" in English: "The apple is red". "simple sentence" in German: " ..." "simple sentence" in Japanese: " ..." Hi, the allegory of the cave: the fire, an apple, the apple's shadow on the wall, the chained observer. The shadow on the wall is that Connection_over_1 which becomes the "apple" for the chained observer. That works for the tangibles but also for the intangibles (things which one cannot touch, see, taste, ...) Tangible and intangible things are cut from the same cloth. They are thoughts. "Colourless green ideas sleep furiously" is in no way different from the chair in the room. There is consistency. === One could compare with ... For example "This 'a' is 'b'" (e.g. "This 'object a' is 'red'") really means "'object a' is a sense-datum" and "'red' is a sense-datum", and they "stand in relation" to one another and in relation to "I". Thus what we really mean is: "I perceive that 'This object a is red'" and this is an undeniable-by-3rd-party "truth". PM further defines a distinction between a "sense-datum" and a "sensation": That is, when we judge (say) "this is red", what occurs is a relation of three terms, the mind, and "this", and "red". On the other hand, when we perceive "the redness of this", there is a relation of two terms, namely the mind and the complex object "the redness of this" (pp. 43–44). ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_excluded_middle Bertrand Russell and Principia Mathematica, at the end of line 8 === Apple is'. sight: Apple red'. touch: Apple hard'. taste: Apple sweet'. Red', hard', sweet' and is' are Connection_over_1 (State/Quality, 0-d space, Space is Thing). Red', hard', sweet' are equivalent to is'. Bertrand (observer, Observer is Thing) E (event, Equivalence, Equivalence is Thing) red' (State/Quality, 0-d space, Space is Thing) event: Bertrand - E - red' true' (State/Quality, 0-d space, Space is Thing) E true'. (E is Thing)

Hi, Basic concepts: Thing, Connection/Space, Flow Connection/Space is a thing but it is not a thing to things it connects/contains. - - - Connections/0-d spaces: Equivalence - Thing itself is Connection_without_direction/order; Set - Connection_without_direction/order; - State/Quality - Connection_over_1 (colour, intransitive verb', ...) - Genitive connections: Definition - Genitive_is'' Embedding/Recursion - Genitive_has'' - non_Genitive connection: “Next-ness” - non_Genitive_is'' (Instr. case, transitive verb'', ...) - - - 1-d space/connection - - - 2-d space/connection - - - 3-d space/connection - - - ... = = = Name is Thing. - Observer is Thing. - Event is Equivalence (Connection) of an observer and a connection (which are Things). - Natural number is State/Quality of a set (which is Connection, which is Thing) of things which have same (common) quality. - Simple sentence is Event (simple sentence and event are equivalent). - "Simple sentence" is the Name of a Simple sentence/Event; ... ... (in the next post) - Grammatical case is a denotation (by certain means) of a missing (left out) verb/connection ... - Divider divides Space into Sub_Spaces/Places called Prepositions and other. Sub_Spaces/Places in 0-d Space are the prepositions of and with. /of is a place in Genitive_has'' /with is a place in non_Genitive_is'' = = = Complementarity: Things in a set are complementary; Without_order and with_order are complementary; Equivalence and Set are complementary ("Out" and "In" Connection_without_order); Genitive and non_Genitive are complementary (Connection_with_order); Genitive_is'' and Genitive_has'' are complementary; good and bad are complementary; right and wrong are complementary; beginning and end are complementary; positive and negative are complementary; ... /there are sets of 3, 4, ... elements/ = = = "Static": Things, Connections/Spaces Equivalence "gives" Sides (points of view). Set "gives" Complementarity (the whole and its parts). Genitive-ness "gives" Levels/Hierarchy/Power. Non_Genitive-ness "gives" Next-ness. Connection_over_1 "gives" Existence (States/Qualities). "Dynamic": Flows Connections/Spaces with direction/order form Flows. Genitive forms Feeding/Eating. Non_Genitive forms Transactions/Exchange. Change of State/Quality is here. 1-d space with its 2 directions of movement/flow is here. = = = ... Hi, "Simple sentence": is the Name of a Simple sentence/Event; consists of Names; is a result of events. The "Simple sentence" is (has to be) simple, convenient, not exact. Then the "Simple sentence" is one defined verb by: subject (and object); exact moment; ... The "Simple sentence" has/employs: Grammatical cases; Prepositions; Omissions; Abbreviations; Errors; ... = = = There are different is (be) in a "simple sentence" (the Name of an Event/Simple sentence): is' - State/Quality of Existence of a thing; Genitive_is" - Definition; non_Genitive_is" - "next-ness"; is" (''', '''', ...) Equivalence. = = = Word is Name. A sentence is Word. A phrase is Word. A word is Word. A root is Word. An affix is Word. A word ending is Word. A word is made of words. - - - Set (Connection_without_direction/order) or Equivalence (Connection_without_direction/order)?! Set will be used for simplicity, Equivalence will be meant. Word is both Set (Connection; Connection is Thing) and every element (Thing) of that Set of: written word - an encoding of letters (, signs and gestures); spoken word - an encoding of sounds; misspelled, mispronounced, ... word - an encoding recognised as the word in question; meaning - an encoding of/through Things and Spaces. Meaningful_Word is a Set (Word) which contains Meaning. not_Meaningful_Word (gibberish, babble) is a Set (Word) which does not contain Meaning. = = = Verb read" in " John read" book " is a non_Genitive connection (transitive"/divalent verb). Verb read' in " John read' " is a Connection_over_1/State/Quality (read' and red' (colour) are states/qualities). is', go', ... (intransitive verbs) States/Qualities red', true', false', small', ... States/Qualities " Apple is' red'. " but " Apple red'." In some languages is' is omitted. Apple is in a state of red' therefore it is in a state of existence is'. = = = Have a nice day.

Thank you Sensei, goodbye.

Demonstrative pronouns in Turkis: bu şu /shu/ o for near for more distant for the most distant Personal pronouns in Turkish Ben Biz Sen Siz O Onlar / -n- is a connective consonant -y-/as in yes/ and -s- are the rest. Look in English law -----> lawyer. I think once I don't remember the word in English, there was -n- in it. /That consonants are used when word finishes in a vowel and next ending starts with a vowel /-lar, -ler are the endings for plural of nouns in Turkish( look at -ant, -ent, -are, -ere ... in Latin) Latintutorial/youtube Demonstrative pronoun for the most distant O works as Personal pronoun in the 3rd person singular and plural. Turks don't have grammatical gender at all. Only nouns take grammatical case endings. They are simple and are the same for singular and plural of the nouns. zaman - time, season, age, era, epoch o zaman - then, at that time Even in Turkish the demonstrative pronoun for the distant is associated with the Definitive-ness. The book is on the table. = That book(which I know/recognize from the past/then) is on the table. /even if that stood instead of the in front of the noun the meaning would remain the same. Englsh just took the(existing word, form of that) as a word which is HANDY. Germans didn't do that - different mentality of two peoples/ People tend to behave like Powerful or Famous people. In that how people speak/talk there is a lot of Fashion, Snobbishness, Mistakes, Misunderstanding, False Ideas, ... "Adder... ...The modern form represents a faulty separation 14c.-16c. of a nadder into an adder, for which see also apron, auger, nickname, orange, humble pie, aitchbone, umpire. Nedder is still a northern English dialect form." Etymonline (dot) com can ---- could /L in could is not natural but intentionally put!/Etymonline (dot)com -ing(2) vs -ing(1) are same in English but not in German. /-ing Etymonline (dot) com/ If germans who study English knew that they would be happy. And so on. Well, guys, thank you for putting up with me for so long. You were great.

Thank you Sensei for you reply. I am leaving the forum to study more seriously and not bother you with my silly questions. You guys were great. Thank you again.

Hi, At one go I cannot say all. the more the merrier - "by the amount more, by that amount merrier"./copy-paste from the page/ When I see that phrase I don't go to Instrumental nor to Russian - I am not that smart. Nor I go "by the amount more, by that amount merrier" - not that smart either. I do this: 1. all 4 words are known to me - Okay 2. don't pay attention to every each word - I take the phrase as a whole 3. to that phrase I assign meaning(just visualize the situation simplified + how I feel) Of course I don't trust myself and question my conclusions if possible. I gave up German because it is more "HEAVY" than English("light"). Be + past participle(for a few verbs), have + past participle with the same meaning which leads to using of Werden in passive voice(I find it not pleasant at all). Also grammatical cases are annoying. German is between Russian and English(both ends of a transition) - English complete transition - Russian - no transition.(losing all endings - of the verbs, of the nouns; phrasal verbs, ... - not losing nothing, not touching the prefixes of the verb,...) but some things are the same in both languages and so on. German was helpful in 2 aspects though: 1. with german logic in English 2. with phrasal verbs Thanks

Hi there, I will go strait to the business. Let's say Recursion and Embedding are synonymous. You probably think that I don't go to the pages(links you send me). I go and I read. Again about Embedding - it is visual to me and I prefer This name before Recursion( no associations with it in my head). Two types of Embedding as I recall: f calls f f calls g call f I love to watch movies(who doesn't) Movies go: 1. Event after Event( it is okay, it is a standard story) or 2. Let's take Heist with Gene Hackman and Danny DeVito the two Masterminds. Here goes Embedding f calls g calls f ... The mightier goes deeper and wins! This also we see between two Opposing secret agencies, the 1st tap the 2nd and the 2nd pretends that it doesn't know, crossing - double crossing and so on... Jackie Brown, but there there are 3 parties f, g, h. Sleuth(1972) with Michael Cain - what is the Embedding it is hard to me to decide. There probably other possibilities. Am I close? Thanks

Hi again. About links you sent me - Thank you. Link sent me by studiot: I was there a time ago. I preferred to study English as a language with grammatical cases because it simplifies things. Russian/German grammatical cases (their definitions) work in English. Case endings which are missing are not a big problem. the more the merrier - "Here, what appears to be the definite article "the" is actually a demonstrative pronoun in the instrumental case" /I copied and pasted from the site you gave me./ It is easy to translate that phrase in Russian with demonstrative pronoun in Instrumental case word for word. The link which you gave me, Strange: I was there exactly in spring last year. If we go down in that page under Evolution/ Definite articles - "Definite articles typically arise from demonstratives meaning that." /I copied and pasted from the page/ I had to know what the definite article was, because then I studied German - grammatical cases were easy But I didn't know how to handle the definite article. I asked around in the internet and I was told. Then in the summer I met some people from Sweden and because of the map on the site I asked them if it was true. Yes, they put the definite article after the word as suffix. das -->d/as = d- + -as; d- + -er(nominative case masculine ending) = der; d- + -ie( nominative case feminine/plural ending) and so on. After Russian, grammatical cases in German are a joke. Even simpler are grammatical cases in Turkish. They don't have definite article, for "indefinite article" they use bir(one), just like russians and it is not exactly an indefinite article. Demonstrative pronouns give(are used for) not only the definite article but sometimes Personal pronouns - the 3rd Person . Last year I was happy( I still am) because of the simplicity of the idea behind definite article(very, very Practical idea). English is a language nicely simplified. There are things which are messed up or missing in that language. Thank you, dimreepr, for the link. I am watching it now. This is the main reason that I am in English - to watch comedies(+/- sarcasm). Have a nice day

I apologize.

I learnt it by heart years ago. Language is a deadly serious business. that = the = das = тот is one and the same word. In "My name is Earl" the father of Jeff Brides stars. If you go to S03E17 14:20 ...

I am an Italiano vero. Let's give ourselves a time.

I am an italinan! I am the same as everybody else .

Hi sudiot, Thank you for your interest about the theme. It is SIMPLE! English, German, Latin, Russian, "my language" ....("even" French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, ...) ARE the SAME. that = the = das = тот = la , le , les. ... (are Demonstrative pronouns for the far) /English - German - Russian(slavic) - ... / Russians and German(Enlish, Dutch, ...) are Cousins. On the West people Naturally don't understand Latin, Greek, German, English, Russian, French, Italian, Spanish and then Turkish and Semitic languages. Genitive case is EMBEDDING(genitive case is understood by everyone), BUT Instrumental case IS NOT AT ALL UNDERSTOOD!(because it is THE OBVIOUS!) All my posts are about the LANGUAGE. From the 1st. You don't have MATHEMATICS without the LANGUAGE. /just for the attention/

Instrumental case is live and kicking in English. Why german/english nouns have no gender(of course German "has")?! Because they lost their noun/adjective endings in Nominative case.(don't be nitpicking) (and the same is in the other cases - accusative, dative, instrumental) Past participles(active and passive) in English and German have different meaning BUT they look the same. Look at werden in German.