Genady

Is it correct that if a gyroscope is moved around in a curved space then after returning to the original location it may or may not return in the original orientation, depending on the trajectory?

I think, my example above needs correction, because it doesn't work energetically. For a new hadron to be created at the end, its binding energy needs to be supplied as well, not only the mass of new quarks and antiquarks. It still works, but the required energy to be added to the original baryon is not 9 MeV but rather at least 135 MeV, the lightest pion.

"The expansion rate of the universe was predicted to be slower than what Hubble actually sees. By combining the Standard Cosmological Model of the Universe and measurements by the European Space Agency's Planck mission (which observed the relic cosmic microwave background from 13.8 billion years ago), astronomers predict a lower value for the Hubble constant: 67.5 plus or minus 0.5 kilometers per second per megaparsec, compared to the SH0ES team's estimate of 73. Given the large Hubble sample size, there is only a one-in-a-million chance astronomers are wrong due to an unlucky draw, said Riess, a common threshold for taking a problem seriously in physics. This finding is untangling what was becoming a nice and tidy picture of the universe's dynamical evolution. Astronomers are at a loss for an explanation of the disconnect between the expansion rate of the local universe versus the primeval universe, but the answer might involve additional physics of the universe." Hubble Reaches New Milestone in Mystery of Universe's Expansion Rate | NASA

Alien shopping-bag ocean weirdo has glowing Cheetos for guts | Live Science

Energetically so, except you cannot create three quarks, but only quark-antiquark pairs. These pairs will combine between themselves and with the original quarks in different ways. Actually, even 9 MeV could be enough. It could create one quark-antiquark pair, then an original quark with a new antiquark would make a meson, and a new quark would replace an original quark in the baryon.

Thank you, I understand this. My question is, what determines relative orientation between two localities in two different places in the universe? What determines that two directions in these two localities are parallel? Is it determined according to some kind of parallel transport? If the space were flat the answer would be obvious, but it is not. I would guess, that in the curved and dynamic spacetime, we would need to establish parallel spatial directions between locality 1 at time t1 of one measurement and locality 2 at time t2 of the other measurement. In these two directions, the results of the measurement will be opposite. OK, 40 minutes later, I've solved it. The relative orientation could be determined by a gyroscope. We can send the entangled electron to M87 together with a gyroscope, which is prepared in parallel to a gyroscope that stays on Earth. Then we measure each spin in the direction of the respective local gyroscope's axis.

Let's take a pair of entangled electrons in the state |ud>-|du>. If the first electron measures up, the second is down, and vice versa. Let's keep one electron on Earth and let's send another one, very carefully, to a planet far away, say in the M87 galaxy. They are still entangled, so if the first electron is up the second is down... But what are the directions 'up' and 'down' on that planet? How do they relate to the direction of the measurement here on Earth?

But quarks cannot be free from what binds them. If we try to separate them, the energy of what binds them will increase. Thus, it would be a higher energy state.

Yes, I hope they are wrong and the NASA budget will be used more wisely.

You mean, it is a binding energy because it is the energy of gluons which bind the nucleon? OK.

Of course, you're right. The "fuss" here is about the rest mass of fundamental particles, specifically.

I have an issue with this energy being called binding energy, too, and would like to know a justification for that.

This issue can be solved by replacing the m with its norm in that factor. (But I was not serious to start with.)

Did you know that the total number of world languages went up in recent years? Some languages went extinct, but more languages were added, some that were declared extinct prematurely, and some previously unknown, spoken as well as sign languages.

This question is inspired by another thread in this forum, but it would be OT there. So: Does anybody have a valid reason to believe complex rest energy/mass particle can't exist ?

In old times and also the older generation spoke mostly one language, the language of their community. Today most of younger people seem to speak several languages as appropriate, e.g. in the family, at school, at work, for entertainment, for travel, etc. When you live in a multilingual society it is easy to be a multilingual.

It seems to me that we're moving rather toward a society of multilinguals.

As I understand, there is no "free state" of a quark, and quark mass cannot be interpreted consistently as mass of a "free quark." The quark mass is a coefficient of the quadratic term in the quark's Lagrangian. It is a mass term in the corresponding equation of motion, Dirac equation.

The authors compare "theory of life" to theory of gravity; a theory that would allow to make predictions and to direct research regarding life in general, unlike biology which is a "theory of life on Earth." They mention a path to develop such theory by creating forms of life in a lab. I think it is possible to get samples from exoplanets via interstellar asteroids. Not within our lifetime, though.

In this paper, the authors use the trends of NASA budget and of research activities, and the prior history of the crewed space exploration to predict how far we will go during the next 100 years: [2205.08061] Impact of Economic Constraints on the Projected Timeframe for Human-Crewed Deep Space Exploration (arxiv.org) And here are the results:

They don't look signifying anything related to math or physics, IMO. Maybe, chemistry? C4BP, for example: C4b-binding protein - Wikipedia

I think, if we could detect something like DNA or a ribosome, that would be sufficient.

A 'none-photon' would have mass 0, and thus its energy would be proportional to its frequency, like ordinary photons. For this energy to be negative, the frequency has to be negative. What is negative frequency?

Exactly. We start with the neg-mass-electron at rest, with kinetic energy 0. It emits a photon and starts moving, in the same reference frame, getting the negative kinetic energy, and the total energy is conserved.

Energy is conserved if a negative-mass-electron emits a photon. The photon gets energy E and the negative-mass-electron gets kinetic energy -E. This is unlike the ordinary electron which cannot get a negative kinetic energy.