Genady

You mean, it is a binding energy because it is the energy of gluons which bind the nucleon? OK.

Of course, you're right. The "fuss" here is about the rest mass of fundamental particles, specifically.

I have an issue with this energy being called binding energy, too, and would like to know a justification for that.

This issue can be solved by replacing the m with its norm in that factor. (But I was not serious to start with.)

Did you know that the total number of world languages went up in recent years? Some languages went extinct, but more languages were added, some that were declared extinct prematurely, and some previously unknown, spoken as well as sign languages.

This question is inspired by another thread in this forum, but it would be OT there. So: Does anybody have a valid reason to believe complex rest energy/mass particle can't exist ?

In old times and also the older generation spoke mostly one language, the language of their community. Today most of younger people seem to speak several languages as appropriate, e.g. in the family, at school, at work, for entertainment, for travel, etc. When you live in a multilingual society it is easy to be a multilingual.

It seems to me that we're moving rather toward a society of multilinguals.

As I understand, there is no "free state" of a quark, and quark mass cannot be interpreted consistently as mass of a "free quark." The quark mass is a coefficient of the quadratic term in the quark's Lagrangian. It is a mass term in the corresponding equation of motion, Dirac equation.

The authors compare "theory of life" to theory of gravity; a theory that would allow to make predictions and to direct research regarding life in general, unlike biology which is a "theory of life on Earth." They mention a path to develop such theory by creating forms of life in a lab. I think it is possible to get samples from exoplanets via interstellar asteroids. Not within our lifetime, though.

In this paper, the authors use the trends of NASA budget and of research activities, and the prior history of the crewed space exploration to predict how far we will go during the next 100 years: [2205.08061] Impact of Economic Constraints on the Projected Timeframe for Human-Crewed Deep Space Exploration (arxiv.org) And here are the results:

They don't look signifying anything related to math or physics, IMO. Maybe, chemistry? C4BP, for example: C4b-binding protein - Wikipedia

I think, if we could detect something like DNA or a ribosome, that would be sufficient.

A 'none-photon' would have mass 0, and thus its energy would be proportional to its frequency, like ordinary photons. For this energy to be negative, the frequency has to be negative. What is negative frequency?

Exactly. We start with the neg-mass-electron at rest, with kinetic energy 0. It emits a photon and starts moving, in the same reference frame, getting the negative kinetic energy, and the total energy is conserved.

Energy is conserved if a negative-mass-electron emits a photon. The photon gets energy E and the negative-mass-electron gets kinetic energy -E. This is unlike the ordinary electron which cannot get a negative kinetic energy.

An 'ordinary' electron at rest would not emit a photon because of the energy conservation.

Yes, negative kinetic energy and negative momentum.

Because this would bring them to a lower energy level.

If they are charged, for example, by emitting photons.

What would stop the 'regular' particles with negative mass from continuously losing energy while moving to lower and lower energy levels to negative infinity and at the same time infinitely heating the environment?

I've just stumbled upon this new paper draft, [2205.07921] The Futility of Exoplanet Biosignatures (arxiv.org) and immediately thought of @beecee because of this statement in the abstract: Technical constraints and our limited access to other worlds suggest we are more likely to detect an out-of-equilibrium suite of gasses than a writhing octopus. Yet, anything short of a writhing octopus will raise skepticism among astrobiologists about what has been detected.

I also thing that that "final bit" is incorrect.

In what sense the other item is "item 1" and this is "item 2"?

Perhaps you refer to the dot-com bubble. That was later. When I was involved, the systems operated on client-server architecture with Excel-based clients, relational databases on servers, and SQL "magic" between them. It was fun. The crash of 1998 IIRC was related to Russia, Brasil, Mexico, other financial markets.