Genady

I don't have /use one. I think I'm the only person on this island who doesn't.

My apartment door was spray-painted with the word "traitor" when I was readying to leave the USSR back in the 70-s. Somebody somehow knew this, without social media or me advertising this fact. Compare: Putin likens opponents to 'gnats,' signaling new repression - ABC News (go.com)

A "darker" possibility is that MRI scans just don't represent well the underlying factors in the brain that affect behaviors. IOW, MRI scans might be a wrong measure, like scull shapes in phrenology.

A probability of finding m cells empty when you have r+1 objects is comprised of a probability of finding m cells empty when you have r objects and an additional object is placed in one of the occupied cells, and a probability of finding m+1 cells empty when you have r objects and an additional object is placed in one of the empty cells.

Yes, my professor in biological statistics was very explicit about these studies. Here is a recent example of a study with far fetched, unwarranted, and completely speculative conclusions: Researchers uncover how the human brain separates, stores, and retrieves memories | National Institutes of Health (NIH)

My suspicions have been confirmed. When I studied cognitive neuroscience and when I read news in this area, it was and is very disconcerting to see how often far fetched conclusions about causation are made there on a shaky basis of a small sample size, a multitude of uncontrolled parameters, and correlations only. This new study confirms that more often than not these results are unreliable and unreproducible. A new research paradigm is needed to move this science from stagnation. Brain studies show thousands of participants are needed for accurate results | University of Minnesota (umn.edu)

I hear about Russian journalists and Russian performers. Where are Russian scientists? Top Russian Ballet Star Condemns War, Leaves Country | HuffPost Latest News

Here is a recent demographic and historical information: Indigenous Peoples in Ukraine You May Have Never Heard About (ukraineworld.org)

Yes. 25 basic points.

There are perhaps more differences, but I'd emphasize this: Database systems are tools for storing and retrieval of information, while information systems also include processes of collecting and delivering information to the databases, and analysis and usage of the information retrieved from the databases. Also, while database is a part of information system, information system does not necessarily include a database.

Residents of Montenegro are not the only people supporting Russian invasion of Ukraine. There are others who understand that indigenous Ukrainians needed help: Papuan Rebels Succumb to Bogus Kremlin War Propaganda (polygraph.info)

You're right, I should've done it in the OP. Here it is, from the horse's mouth: Since at the time MIT campus was shut down due to Covid, the course lectures are recorded from Zoom sessions.

This hypothesis is more subtle than the one of direct pumping oxygen into atmosphere by cyanobacteria. I was surprised to learn that the latter is not as settled as I thought.

Thank you. Only until they start using a foul language.

No.

Great Oxygenation Event: MIT Scientists’ New Hypothesis for One of the Grand Mysteries of Science (scitechdaily.com)

Heroes in Russia: Anti-war protester in studio disrupts live Russian state TV news | Reuters

I tend to think that it has. 5000 years is enough time for changes in genetic make up of populations. Only 10,000 years ago we did not have lactose tolerance, for example. Plus, we certainly grow up and live in a changing environment. Our diet, life style, immunity have changed. Being a product of our genes and environment, our bodies and chemistry perhaps have changed.

But that phrase is the only point I have been discussing here. I've stated it way back: The rest was not interesting to me, sorry.

I also agree that every new knowledge has foundations in some previous knowledge. As @swansont also said above, nobody claimed otherwise. However, that doesn't necessarily mean that every new medicine is an older medicine in a new form, combination, or synthesis. The later doesn't follow from the former. For example, a new medicine can be born in a non-medical, e.g. biochemical research.

But what is its counterpart or predecessor in the previous medical practice?

Obviously, it is not my area, but let's try, for educational purposes. How about mRNA vaccines?

In nature, or in previous medical practice?

My point is that a new medicine is not necessarily "the same medicines in new forms and combinations, or else their synthetic counterparts," even if it was obtained using previously known methods, tools, techniques, etc.

I see, the key is that the previous knowledge may be any previous knowledge. In this case, it is just trivial. For example, to get a new knowledge we use a language, which is a previous knowledge. In the specific subject matter here, a new knowledge in medicine might grow out of a previous knowledge, let's say, in astronomy. Not necessarily out of a previous knowledge in medicine. Thus, it is completely new in medicine, not related to anything existing in medicine prior to that.