StringJunky

It is not possible to leave something that is in itself everything? The term 'Universe' represents everything that exists, therefore, you can't leave it. The Universe doesn't have an outside....don't try and imagine anything beyond it because there is nothing ....does that make sense?....the idea of nothing is difficult to grasp but you'll have to accept it because that's what the physicists here will tell you. Nothing, is the absence of anything. Any computer-aided 3D model you see of the Universe is a representation of it in its entirety...it is not in space. it is space...all of it. Leaving the Universe does not make sense now does it?

Tom, Thanks for the formula. How did you come to the two tonne figure? The total tension for a 25.5in scale steel string guitar with 'mediums' on is about 176ibs! I found a calculator that gives an idea of the range using different variables.: http://www.mcdonaldstrings.com/stringxxiii.html

Happy to help.

I agree with you DrP, it's pretty much a fact that different metals sound different, bronze is brighter than phosphor bronze....My question is related to tension and how difficult or easy it is to depress the string on each type. Someone on another forum was saying the two top strings (B and E) were different between manufacturers even though they were the same diameter and I had doubts. There is undoubtedly a difference in the wound strings between makers because the core wire diameter to winding wire diameter varies even though the total diameter is the same between them ,hence, one will be harder to press than another. Also you might be interested to know hex core strings are stiffer than round core because the winding wire grips tighter on the hex. Round wire cores last longer though because the winding wire adjacent contact surfaces remain so for longer than hex cores....once the adjacent contact surfaces of the winding wire part sufficiently, through playing, the string loses its 'chime'. Round wire strings chime more because the core wire has more movement within the winding.. ' I've played with a lot of different strings that's why one of my guitar-playing friends calls me a 'string junky'! The way you've put it ,DrP, makes sense and I'm inclined to agree with you..there will be a marginal difference. John's also right as well because the density of the material and hence the total mass of the string will determine the tension required to bring the string to pitch. Thanks to you both for putting a clearer picture in my head. Mr Skeptic: Using those three parameters and adding frequency as another. If we kept the frequency constant and wanted to change the linear density (string material), the tension would change also, yes? Do you have a formula? Thanks

In the above scenario with the two types of metal string under tension, I apply the same amount of force (perpendicular to the direction of the wire} in the middle of each wire, would they deviate from a straight line by the same amount or not?

"Also, are there any animal models for empathetic behaviour?" - JimmyDaSaint I found this article by Frans De Waal who is a Professor of Primate Behaviour amongst other things. Here's a relevant extract to answer your question: "For a demonstration of primate empathy consider a zoo bonobo named Kuni. When she saw a starling hit the glass of her enclosure, she picked up the stunned bird and climbed to the top of the tallest tree. She carefully unfolded its wings and spread them wide, holding one wing between the fingers of each hand, before sending the bird like a little toy airplane out towards the barrier of her enclosure. But the bird fell short of freedom and landed on the bank of the moat. Kuni climbed down and stood watch over the starling for a long time. By the end of the day, the recovered bird had flown off safely. The way Kuni handled this bird was different to anything she would have done to aid another ape. Instead of following some hard-wired helping scheme, she tailored her assistance to the specific situation of an animal totally different from herself. This kind of empathy rests on the ability to imagine the circumstances of another. Adam Smith, the father of economics, must have had actions like Kuni's in mind (though not performed by an ape) when he offered us the most enduring definition of empathy as "changing places in fancy with the sufferer". http://www.annular.org/~sdbrown/the-empathic-ape.html

+1 on that Baby Astronaut, I was going to mention your point myself...negative rep is open to abuse if given anonymously.

Biogerentology is the subject you are looking for I think. Here is a link to familiarise you with it and where to go from there. Hope this helps: http://www.senescence.info/career.html

Got the instructions from the Mozilla website to install it in Linux then I created a link, like you said, which worked but is a bit ugly like you said. I later found out how to create a Launcher complete with the Firefox icon on the desktop so it works like any other app. Thanks for that Jill and I.A. I'm now running 3.5.3. Now to find out if Firefox crashes when I thank you! P.S. PROBLEM SOLVED!

Thanks for your responses, but I don't think I've been very clear.....If we put two pieces of wire of equal length, say 24inches, and diameter, say 0.012", one is brass and one is plain steel, both are brought under the same tension, would they both have the same flexibility despite being made of different metal materials or would one have more 'give' than the other? Ignoring the wound strings.

A question has been prompted in my mind, from another forum ( guitars) about the 'feel' (tension) of guitar strings: If two pieces of wire with the same diameter but made from different alloys (bronze and phosphor bronze) are brought to the same tension (pitch), would there be any difference (everything else being equal) in the amount of pressure required to move them laterally ie press them down on to the fret? I don't think there is because metals don't have longitudinal elasticity.....what's the fact?

I think I'm using 3.0.1.1. This is from the Mint Repository. If I wanted to use v3,5 I'd have to get it from somewhere else as a tar .bz file and deal with it myself, satisfying all dependencies etc, which I'm not savvy enough in Linux to do it...it's not simple like Windows .exe files.! I'd like to do this but there is a learning curve first before I can...or just wait 'til 3.5 is in the Repo' I might post the problem in the Mint Forum.

I've thanked 2 people for their posts and both times firefox has locked up and crashed to the degree that I have to reinstall it when I hit the 'ok' button...anybody any ideas why this happens? I'm using Linux Mint 7. I daren't thank anybody now! My computer is completely stable 'til I do this. I've even downloaded a new copy of Mint with the same result.

Thanks iNOW for explaining yourself. As our species moves forward in time the genetic differences between human subgroups becomes more blurred due to population mobility and interbreeding making it harder to distinguish these groups along genetic lines....these different groups were created by geographic isolation and interbreeding over very long periods of time. I understand why people, particulary in some sciences, want to distance themselves from using this type of word because of its negative social undertones and potentially misinferred implications ie apparent superiority of one subgroup over another, which can be used to abuse another or for political purposes. In short, I have no stomach for a debate into this subject and am happy if sectors of the scientific community wish to render this term or concept redundant!

# What's wrong with this definition of 'race', iNOW?: " A local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics." How is it meaningless? If one uses the word strictly related to a a person's genetic origins (NOT cultural) it is pertinent, meaningful AND can be subjected to the scientific method to define those categories ie races. Through genetic analysis we can unravel and understand the human genome and, hence, the various physiological characteristics members of a human sub group share, specific to their original geographic origins. Clarification would be nice.

Remember not to touch or rub the leading with anything, because if you do the exposed shiny parts will produce the basic lead carbonate deposits again that started the stains (run off) in the first place.

Dr Syntax: Is this what you are looking for? http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GenomeSizes.html

I found this which seems to support your thought: " 7.- Security The issue: Protecting the transmission against eavesdropping IEEE 802.11 compliant DSSS systems use one well known spreading sequence of 11 chips, and can modulate one of the 14 channel defined in the standard. As the sequence used is apriori known, the carrier frequency is fixed for a given system, and the number of possible frequencies is limited, it would be quite easy for a listener to “tune in” on the DSSS transmission. Message protection should be achieved by encrypting the data. This option increases the price of the product, while lowering its performance, because of the processing power needed for the encryption process. In FHSS, the frequencies to be used in the hopping sequence may be selected by the user. In the unlicensed band, any group of 26 frequencies or more (out of the 79 available) is legal. To “tune in”, a listener should know the number of frequencies selected in the system, the actual frequencies, the hopping sequence, as well as the dwell time! The FHSS modulation acts as a layer 1 encryption process. There could be no need for application level encryption!" http://www.sorin-schwartz.com/white_papers/fhvsds.pdf

Your right, but you missed out the salt!: This is from a site called TipKing: " Dissolve 1 teaspoon salt in 1 cup white vinegar. the add enough flour to make a paste. Use the paste as you would any commercial cleaner. Rinse clean and buff to a shine with a soft cloth. "

Hermanntrude: I had a hunch there wasn't any safe chemicals to remove these compounds because they are highly stable and resistant to reaction once the process of patination is complete...that's why lead is used for these sorts of purposes isn't it? I think mechanical removal is probably the ony solution, hence, my suggestion of Jewellers Rouge which is the finest of the abrasives that I'm aware of. My Grandad used to polish out the scratches in my watchglass with it when I was a boy. Jewellers Rouge is Iron (111) Oxide and is used to put the final polish on gemstones and lenses...one doesn't need any finer than that!

I've tried to find a chemical solution but it's beyond me..my chemistry is too limited and I don't know what to look for. If you don't get any positive feedback, I suggest you get some Jewellers Rouge which is an extremely fine abrasive paste/powder for polishing gemstones...it can remove scratches from glass without marks when used properly, so it should shift your stains quite easily. . Google: 'Jewelers Rouge: to check it out.

When new lead is exposed to the weather it goes through several stages of oxidation. This process is called patination. I found this: " When lead comes into contact with moisture, rainwater, condensation etc., at early stage, discoloration, spotting and white powdery deposits (usually basic lead carbonate) can form and may ‘run-off’. The degree to which all these occur is governed by the environmental conditions, but with longer term weathering, the lead will take on its’ familiar appearance. Investigations have shown that the patina formation follows the route: lead, lead oxide, basic lead carbonate, normal lead sulphite, and normal lead sulphate. The ‘run-off’ stage occurs when non-adherent basic lead carbonate is formed, usually through contact with moisture. Each of the stages in patina formation is adherent, highly insoluble lead salts and in practice, as these salts develop with weathering, they stifle the basic lead carbonate release. The final patina being approximately 30% normal lead sulphite, 60% normal lead sulphate and 10% normal lead carbonate. However, this can vary dependant upon location, time and airborne impurities. Suggested after care In the event that you experience an accelerated rate of oxidation directly after installation, you should make every effort to clean the ‘run-off’ deposits, as soon as possible. Failure to do so could result in the deposits drying onto the glass and becoming more difficult to clean. This effect can be compared to lime scale on a shower screen. To clean the glass, simply use a water-based glass cleaner with a paper or cloth towel, whilst removing any stubborn stains with a household non-abrasive cream cleaner. Avoid agitating the surface of the lead, as much as possible, as this will slow down the weathering process." It looks like you've left the deposits long enough to develop to the more resistant lead compounds beyond basic lead carbonate Maybe one of the chemistry experts can help you now they know what they are dealing with.

I don't know the extent or depth of commitment in your relationship....If it's only a matter of months, I would ask myself: do the positives in my relationshjp outweigh the negatives? If it's that big an issue in your mind , maybe it's time to call it a day, especially given her reluctance to discuss it. This matter will probably fester in the back of your mind spoiling any progress in other areas of your relationship with her. It would not be fair on her to advance this relationship any further if she is shy about the matter and it continues to bug you. You have 4 options: !,Discuss the situation with her, then explore and engage in methods of stimulation, other than intercourse, that work for both of you...mutual satisfaction does not have to be a simultaneous event to be fulfilling. 2' Vaginal Reduction Surgery: http://www.ehow.com/about_5283576_surgery-decrease-vagina-size.html. There are links further down the page there. This is a major step dependent on many things. 3. Ignore the problem (See No.4) 4. Leave, rather than let your dissatisfaction propagate into something worse....the issue will probably create an undercurrent of tension that may pervade throughout all areas of your relationship, interfering with any hope of happiness or contentment. Looking at the bigger picture: Your situation is almost definitely not unique since a large proportion of women have babies and this problem will occur to a greater or lesser degree in most of them, but they (both partners) deal with it, accepting it as the price they pay for having children. Hypothetical scenario: You leave this otherwise lovely girl and find another with a nice tight vagina, that probably hasn't had babies...NIRVANA!. Some time later, you both decide to start a family, she has that baby and later on you have sex. Wha t will we find? A BAGGY VAGINA! Back to square 1. Welcome to the real world. It really doesn't matter if your current girlfriend is that way now, without having children, because she, most likely, would go that way anyway when she does have them..there is no escape. I hope that scenario puts things in perspective.

I looked around for you. 15-20% Hydrogen Peroxide is used to clean and bleach the bones white but I would not bother for one job. If that skull was mine I'd put it in bleach solution (I part bleach to 10 parts water) for 1 hour should do it..I got this info off a website advising on growing cultures of micro organisms and the cleaning of petri dishes etc when finished . so it should be safe afterwards to handle the skull freely. If there's any fleshy bits afterwards put it in a good strong warm (30-35 degree c) solution of biological washing powder to help free and break those fleshy bits down....leave it a couple of hours for the enzymes to work before you pick and clean it. I would wear household rubber gloves to prevent skin irritation..

Thanks for that GDG. With your words, I checked out to see if the action of telomerase occured in trees and as luck would have it, it does. The authors of this research suggest it may help to explain the longevity of trees like the Bristlecone Pine. Abstract here: " Normal somatic cells have a finite replicative capacity. With each cell division, telomeres (the physical ends of linear chromosomes) progressively shorten until they reach a critical length, at which point the cells enter replicative senescence. Some cells maintain telomere length by the action of the telomerase enzyme. The bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, is the oldest known living eukaryotic organism, with the oldest on record turning 4770 years old in 2005. To determine what changes occur, if any, in telomere length and telomerase activity with age, and what roles, if any, telomere length and telomerase activity may play in contributing to the increased life-span and longevity of P. longaeva with age, as well as in other tree species of various life-spans, we undertook a detailed investigation of telomere length and telomerase activity in such trees. The results from this study support the hypothesis that both increased telomere length and telomerase activity may directly/indirectly contribute to the increased life-span and longevity evident in long-lived pine trees (2000-5000 year life-spans) compared to medium-lived (400-500 year life-span) and short-lived (100-200 year life-span) pine trees, as well as in P. longaeva with age." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034678