toucana

I think you should do a little more research into Circadian Rhythms before being quite so dismissive about the role of 'time-keeping' in human biology. Circadian Rhythms Circadian rhythms are controlled by biological clocks located in organs and glands throughout the body, but all of these peripheral clocks are commanded by a “master clock” in a region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In most adults and adolescents, this master clock operates on a cycle that’s slightly longer than 24 hours. In order to maintain alignment with the 24-hour rotation of the planet, the master clock must adjust by about 12 to 18 minutes every day. For this reason, it times circadian rhythms according to environmental cues known as “zeitgebers,” German for “timekeepers.” Light and darkness are the most important and powerful zeitgebers. Other zeitgebers involved in circadian timing include : Meals Exercise Social interactions Daily routines Stress These zeitgebers trigger the release of hormones in the brain and the delivery of chemical signals to body tissues. Thus, the master clock is able to effectively time vital body functions, such as the conversion of food into energy, fluctuations in body temperature, and when a person feels like sleeping or waking up. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/circadian-rhythm

It all comes back to time-keeping, and how we as human beings synchronise and regulate our internal metabolic body clocks with the mechanical clocks and social systems of time management that we all need to live within. There are certain strong physiological cues that predispose humans to take in nutrition at particular times of day. ‘Breakfast’ for example is so named because we quite literally need to break a fasting period of some 8 to 10 hours spent asleep (that’s etymology for you). The physiological cues that drive us towards the breakfast table are low blood sugar and raised levels of a hormone called ghrelin produced by the stomach. A pineal hormone called melatonin is produced by the body at night as part of the human ‘circadian clock” and it functions as a sleep cue by building up after supper around two to three hours before we normally go to sleep. Melatonin also functions as an appetite regulator. Rising levels of melatonin stimulate the production of a hormone called leptin by the fat cells in our bodies, and that functions as an appetite suppressant. https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/a-connection-between-sleep-and-hunger/ Melatonin levels fall steeply towards the end of the night, and as daylight returns, leptin production is replaced by that of ghrelin, as we awake, take breakfast, and prepare for our period of maximal activity in daylight hours once again. Carefully timed oral doses of melatonin can be successfully used to counter jet-lag for this reason: https://www.timeshifter.com/jet-lag/melatonin-for-jet-lag-type-dose-timing

The pendulum clock was invented in 1657 by the Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens who thought his revolutionary new mechanism could be used to be build an accurate marine chronometer. He quickly found out otherwise when it was tested by his younger brother Lodewijk during a sea voyage to Spain in 1660. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens The rolling motion of a ship in heavy seas disturbed the pendulum, and rendered the chronometer no more accurate than conventional clocks of the period that could lose up to 15 minutes per day.

There is a fascinating book called Longitude by Dava Sobel (1995) which tells the story of John Harrison (1693-1776) an English clockmaker who invented the first reliable marine chronometer, and of his battles with the Commissioners of the Board of Longitude to collect a prize of £20,000 for solving what was widely regarded as one of the greatest scientific problems of the era - how to calculate a ship’s longitude when far out at sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude_(book) Harrison’s H4 marine chronometers ran accurately on GMT, and longitude was calculated by comparing this with a local clock time that was reset each day by a navigator taking noon-day shots with a sextant. A difference of four minutes corresponds to one degree of longitude. (The earth takes 24 hours to revolve 360 degrees, so one hour marks 1/24 of a revolution or 15 degrees, and 60/15 = 4). It's an interesting topic, but one that probably belongs in another thread

The mess tables were usually suspended by ropes from the ceiling in between the guns, and also had raised rims to help retain the trenchers and drinking vessels in heavy seas. https://snr.org.uk/maritime-art/the-sailors-mess-c-1800/ The watch-keeping system of bells was based on the use of a 30 minute sandglass kept by the helmsman’s position. As soon as the sand ran out, the ship’s bell was rung and the sandglass was inverted to run again. In the days before the Harrison H4 marine chronometer was perfected (c.1773), this form of time-keeping in tandem with the magnetic compass and ‘chip log’ was the only way of estimating a ship’s longitude by dead-reckoning. - (Latitude could be found by taking sun-shots at noon with a sextant).

The concept of “Three square meals” had another provenance dating from slightly before the industrial revolution, and derives from the serving time of meals onboard British naval warships in the later 18th and early 19th century. This in turn relates to the system of watch-keeping used in the British navy to this very day. The crew of a ship are divided into two 'watches' called 'port' and 'starboard' who alternate on duty according to a pattern of seven watches. Five of the watches are of 4 hours duration, the other two from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., and 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. are of 2 hours duration and are known as 'dog watches'. The purpose of 'dog-watches' is to force an uneven number of watches in a day to ensure the men are never on duty at the same time from day to day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchkeeping The time within a watch is marked by chiming the ship's bell every half-hour with a rising number of strokes up to '8 bells' to mark the end of of a four hour watch, or '4 bells to mark the end of a 'dog'. Middle Watch - 00.00 - 04.00 Morning Watch 04.00 - 08.00 Forenoon Watch 08.00 - 12.00 Afternoon Watch 12.00 - 16.00 First Dog 16.00 - 18.00 Second Dog 18.00 - 20.00 First Watch 20.00 - 24.00 In British warships around the time of Lord Nelson, breakfast was served at around 7.00 am (at “six bells” in the morning watch) and consisted of oatmeal porridge and ship’s biscuit. Dinner was served around 11.30 am to midday (“seven bells” in the forenoon watch) and was the main meal of the day consisting of boiled salt beef, peas and biscuit. Supper was served around 4 pm or 6pm catering for the men in the shorter ”dog watches”, and usually consisted of biscuits and cheese. Sailors ate from square wooden trenchers with raised edges known as a “fiddle”. These tray like trenchers gave rise to the term “a square meal”, and the raised edges of the tray acted as a form of portion control. Having food piled higher than this edge was known as “being on the fiddle” - a punishable breach of naval discipline and rationing control. https://collection.thedockyard.co.uk/objects/9066/square-plate The British navy in the time of Nelson was famous for its strict watch-keeping, and a rota of meal times which ensured that sailors were well-fed with “three square meals” per day.

The string instruments in an orchestral score often have a familial grouping of stave abbreviations: V1/V2 —> Violin1/Violin2 Vla —> Viola Vc —> Cello C —> Contrabass https://orchestrasounds.com/2013/12/10/score-basics/ Because the ‘C’ is reserved for a contrabass.

I’m told that orchestral scores still use the annotation ‘Vc’ to identify the stave line played by the cellos, but I suspect that this is to avoid any possible confusion with other orchestral instruments whose names also begin with the letter ‘C’ - e.g. clarinet, clavichord, celesta, contrabasson, cornet, chimes etc..

The OP is a didactic sermon based on the beliefs of a Christian sect known as the Jehovah's Witnesses who maintain that the archangel Michael and Jesus Christ are one and the same person. https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/archangel-michael/ The basic idea is that Michael was the first being created by God, and that Michael was the name of Jesus Christ before and after his life on earth. It’s a teaching that has no following in any other branch of the Christian faith (with the exception of some dissident factions of the Seventh Day Adventist churches). Nor does it play any part in the Juadaic and Islamic traditions that also refer to the archangel Michael. The English word “bible” comes from the koine Greek expression τὰ βιβλία - Ta Biblia meaning “the books” (it’s a nominative neuter plural of the noun βιβλίον). The bible is not a book, it’s an a reading list of texts written by many different authors at different times and places, and in quite different languages too - principally ancient Hebrew and koine Greek. You cannot assign any single meaning to it.

‘Cello’ is listed in the New Oxford American Dictionary as a mid 19th century shortening of ‘violoncello’, which means that practically no one has been using the longer name since about 1850 - not unless they happen to be musical historians, or scriveners obsessed with using ink-horn words. I was a professional theatre technician for over 30 years and worked on staging classical concerts and BBC radio recordings with large orchestras and string ensembles, and I never once heard any professional musician refer to this particular instrument as anything other than a ‘cello’ .

The problem is that countless millions of people rely on whatever AI happens to be built into their default browser, which for many will be Google. They won’t have subscriber access to the SOA AI systems used by researchers. In Google these AI ‘overviews’ appear in a wholly unsolicited way the moment you put any sort of query into a search box. I didn’t ask for any of them. With the Japanese board game I simply wanted an OCR capture and translation, and with the chess problem I just wanted to obtain image search matches on other web pages.

It occured to me that expecting an AI to parse a Japanese board game was perhaps slightly too severe a test of its abilities, so I tried something a little simpler, and closer to home — a chess puzzle that appeared in one my social media feeds today. The first problem was that the AI failed to spot that there is no black king on the board ! (the puzzle has a printing error). It’s rather hard to play chess without having your king on the board - in fact it’s impossible. The king is never removed from the board in a game of chess. The game ends in a checkmate at a point where a capture of the king is inevitable on the next move. The AI also misread the move shown by the red arrow by stating that the white bishop was moving from C2 to D2 which would be impossible as bishops can only move diagonally on squares of one colour (the move shown is actually from G6 to C2). When asked to do a deeper dive, the AI stated that the black king was located on G8, which is also impossible - (it would be in check from the white rook on G1).

Nice to have the forums back again. I did wonder if we had broken the internet by making fun of our great lord and overmaster AI ? (ChatGPT be thy name). The forums vanished almost immediately after the OP appeared, and an ICANN search briefly showed them registered to a new owner in Brazil before the matrix glitched again, and they reappeared once more from the ninth dimension :-) Or was it all just a “Dream within a Dream” ?

I came across an amusing example of an AI system being driven into a state of complete hallucination by a relatively simple OCR + machine translation challenge in Japanese when I was writing up some notes about a modern Japanese board game called Nukumi Onsen Kaotakuki - ぬくみ温泉開拓記 , and wanted to check the translation of the text on a particular card used in the game. https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/374055/nukumiwen-quan-kai-tuo-ji-nukumi-onsen-kaitakuki I took the screenshot (below) from a Japanese YT video about the game, and fed it into a Google Images search box, then used the inbuilt OCR facility to capture the text and pipe it into Google Translate, and here is what the AI told me It also suggested that the game was available on Steam ! Most of which is complete and utter nonsense. The game is actually themed around building onsen (hot-spring spas) in a seaside town called Nukumi in southern Japan. The card text simply allows all players to draw an extra ‘helper’ card at the start of a round. To be fair, the AI did significantly better a second time round when asked to do a ‘deeper dive’ but the fundamental problem seems to be that AI systems have a self-denying ordinance which forbids them from replying “I don’t know” or “Insufficient data”.

Yes, I misread the breaking news flash, my head was back in AD 98 with Tacitus and the Roman imperium :-)

In AD 98 the Roman Historian Tacitus wrote Agricola, an account of the military conquest of Britain (some twenty years earlier) by his father-in-law General Agricola. In chapter 30 he puts this memorable saying into the mouth of Calgacus, a Caledonian tribal chief, on the eve of the battle of Mons Graupius against the Romans in 83 AD. This phrase has rung in my mind ever since yesterday’s announcement that Hamas and the Israelis have finally agreed a ceasefire. You only need to look at press photos of the urban landscape to which the people of Gaza are now returning to understand why. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cx2nzlj2j4kt The one piece of good news today is that the Nobel Committee have announced the award of the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize to María Cochina Machado, the political opposition leader of Mexico who was barred from running in last year's presidential elections won by President Nicolás Maduro. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c1l80g1qe4gt Better luck next time Donnie :-P

Judea was a Roman province governed by a praefectus called Pontius Pilate in the time of Christ. The crucifixion would have been carried out according to the Roman penal code which stipulated that the criminal’s arms be bound to a wooden transom called a patibulum that would then be attached to a vertical stake called a stipes, with the resulting cross being described as being in the shape of a Greek letter Tau by many sources. The various types of cross used in Roman executions were described by the younger Seneca (c.4 B.C - AD65) : Crucifixion was usually reserved for slaves or brigands. Six thousand followers of the slave revolt led by Spartacus were said to have been crucified all along the Appian way in 71 BC after their defeat. Early Christians avoided using iconography based on the crucifixion for this reason - because of its shameful and humiliating associations. One of the earliest known images of the crucifixion is the Alexamenos grafitto scratched into a plaster wall in Rome c. 200 AD which is a mocking depiction of Christians worshipping a donkey-headed man fastened to a cross. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexamenos_graffito

Unfortunately some of that scholarly analysis is distinctly idiosynscratic, most notably in respect of the JWs attitude towards the crucifixion and the use of the cross in Christian worship. From their official website : The basis of this curious doctrinal position is the JWs interpretation of the Koine Greek word Σταύρος stauros - which they insist means a vertical stake or pole without a horizontal cross beam, and they maintain this view in spite of copious evidence from Latin sources such as Tertullian (c. 155-225 AD) who describe both crucifixion and its early Christian symbolism in some detail. The Catholic.com website makes the point that this JW belief wasn’t even originally part of the movement’s foundational 19th century teaching:

I’ve come across the topic of UV monitoring in the context of conserving fragile artefacts and artworks in museums and art galleries respectively (I was an AV technician in a contemporary art centre for some 30 years). It’s quite a complex subject, and doing it to the standards expected of professional conservators can render it very expensive in terms of equipment purchase. This Museum Galleries Scotland page offers a download link to a PDF guide to the science and technology involved: https://collectionstrust.org.uk/resource/monitoring-light-and-uv-levels-in-museums/ While this is a link to a commercially available multi-function UV/Lux Meter - (at an eye-watering price): https://conservation-resources.co.uk/products/uv-light-meter-uv-lux?srsltid=AfmBOopTNlFGgstwHp8RwK9Tudp1sDYNCHPdwuzqVndYXznEQzINpXFg

There is some debate among evangelical christians as to exactly how many of the faithful will be taken up into heaven when the Rapture occurs. Some groups, most notably the Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that only 144,000 will be saved. Given that they have some 8.8 million active members (or “publishers” as the JW call them) this seems rather harsh - just a 1.8% chance of salvation - even if you follow all prescribed beliefs and practices of the JW. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses Other Christian groups estimate that up to ~500 million will saved in the Rapture, Once again however, given there are approximately 2.3 billion Christians alive in the world, those odds at 2.17% are not much better - and bear in mind that the Rapture is meant to include not only those currently alive, but also all of those who have died since the inception of the Christian era, and are now due for resurrection. So even if you subscribe to these eschatalogiclal beliefs, it would be a given that only a tiny fraction of the population of true believers will transported up to heaven at the time of Rapture, many others would be left behind with the rest of us sinners. It makes some sense therefore for those who genuinely believe they are going up to heaven in a few days time to cash-convert their possessions and arrange their affairs in order to benefit and sustain family members and fellow believers unlucky enough to miss out on the Rapture. There is an entire book and film franchise called “Left Behind” devoted to the nitty-gritty details of post-apocalyptic life for those left behind on earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Behind_(film_series)

In case you missed it, the Rapture was supposed to happen last week, on or around September 23 or September 24 2025 according to many fundamentalist evangelical Christians https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/rapture-bible-christianity-end-times-american-evangelicals-rcna233434 This latest apocalyptic ‘end of days’ prediction began a few years ago with a South African pastor called Joshua Mhlaka who apparently had a dream in 2018 which predicted that Jesus would return to this world on those dates, gather the faithful, and take them all back with him up into heaven. This prediction began to gain enormous traction on TikTok under the viral hashtag #RaptureTok - especially among American evangelical christians - to the point when many of them abandoned their jobs, sold off their cars and possessions, and began leaving triumphal farewell ‘Post 24’ video messages for friends and relatives to be viewed after September 24th by those of us unlucky enough to be left behind to live out our remaining days on earth as miserable sinners in the company of the damned. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/e9e4_6ike7w The concept of the ‘Rapture ( Greek: ἁρπάζω harpazo - “to snatch away") is based on a reading of 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17, a letter from the Apostle Paul, which speaks of Christ’s followers’ being caught up when he returns in the clouds at the end of time. Followers of these eschatalogical cults have often associated this idea with a belief in the Second Coming (Greek: παρουσία parousia - “arrival”) of Jesus Christ referred to in Acts 1:11, the Book of Revelations 1:7, 14:14, 19:11-16 , and elsewhere - or at least those who subscribe to a belief system called ‘Dispensational Premillenialism’ do. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture An alternate view known as ‘Pretribulationism’ regards the Rapture and the Second Coming as two different events. No doubt all will be explained in due course once they actually happen. Meanwhile a deafening silence has descended on #RaptureTok ever since September 24 passed off without hordes of true believers floating up into heaven to join their lord and creator.

https://formalverse.com/2021/03/20/opposing-poems-alexander-pope-and-j-c-squire/ Any Quantum Gravity or String Theory continuations perhaps ?

A dramatic ‘Shepherd’s Warning’ red sunrise at dawn in the arboretum couple of days ago. A violent storm followed.

Dear Mr President at the start of your second term, you replaced the professional leadership of the FBI with two far right-wing MAGA podcasters and conspiracy theorists called Kash Patel and Dan Bongino. You put a 22 y/o intern called Thomas Fugate in charge of an $18 million Homeland Security program responsible for combating violent extremism in USA, even though his resume lists running a Model United Nations Club at college, gardening, and stacking shelves in a grocery store as the major highlights of his career to date. https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-dhs-thomas-fugate-cp3-terrorism-prevention Last month, your administration fired SAC Mehtab Syed the head of the Salt Lake City FBI field office because you felt that “she wasn’t a good fit for the office” - a view presumably unrelated to the fact that she is a Muslim Pakistani-American. (She also happens to be a decorated 23 year FBI officer, and expert on counterterrorism). https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/analysis/fbi-women-minorities-job-losses-kash-patel-rcna222988 I just wondered how you feel your makeover of the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security is going right now - in the light of recent events at UVU ?