vlamir

Recently I have made some calculations for reaction: LiD + gamma –> Be + gamma –> EM-energy As result, the interesting engineering idea has appeared. But, maybe, it is only fantasy. http://vlamir.nsk.ru/THE_BERYLLIUM_BEAM_e.pdf

The modern nuclear theory uses a simple principle of formation of nucleus by confluence of protons and neutrons. We can find some strange results with the help of this nuclear arithmetic with stable isotopes of hydrogen and lithium. Let's make the following designations: (1H1) – protium (a stable isotope 1p) (2H1) – heavy hydrogen (a stable isotope 1n+1p) (3H1) – tritium (almost a stable isotope 2n+1p) (6Li3) – a stable isotope (3n+3p) (7Li3) – a stable isotope (4n+3p) As a result of addition of protons and neutrons we have: (1H1) + (6Li3) = (7Be4) (1H1) + (7Li3) = (8Be4) (2H1) + (6Li3) = (8Be4) (2H1) + (7Li3) = (9Be4) (3H1) + (6Li3) = (9Be4) (3H1) + (7Li3) = (10Be4) In the nature, only stable (9Be4) and barely perceptible (10Be4) with a half-life period more than 1.5 million years exists. The isotope (8Be4) is absent. On the other hand chemical arithmetic gives result: (2H1) + (6Li3) = LiD Lithium deuteride serves as working substance in a hydrogen bomb. Hence, it is possible to assume, that in the nature "cold" thermonuclear synthesis of separate atoms and molecules takes place: (2H1) + (6Li3) –> (8Be4) –> (EM-energy) or 2(2H1) + 2(6Li3) –> 2LiD + pressure –> (EM-energy)

Maybe, the answer to the question “From what the nature creates these rings?” contains in formula by Balmer-Rydberd for the spectrum of radiation of hydrogen, in which own resonant frequencies of atom are used. [tex]\nu =\frac{4R}{t_c}\cdot (\lambda_o –\lambda_m ) [/tex] where: [tex]\nu[/tex] – a frequency of emitted photon; [tex]R[/tex] – Rydberg’s constant; [tex]t_c[/tex] – a cycle of the revolving of energy in a ring at speed of light; [tex]\lambda_o [/tex] – the length of wave, which correspond to frequency of polytron before radiation of photon; [tex]\lambda_m [/tex] – the length of wave, which correspond to frequency of polytron after radiation of photon; I think, it is the formula for some integrator.

During millions years on the surface of the Earth photons fall. Cells of alive and flora absorb these photons. Really, are you firmly convinced, that this energy has disappeared completely? Then let's talk about other hypothesis of transformation of energy. Let's consider non–relativistic model of uniformly accelerated motion of electron in vacuum. Now I participate in Russian forum "Membrana", where we consider some offers on the geometrical shape of electron. Most frequently, authors of various hypotheses express opinion, that the electron has the shape of a ring of some energy. Energy goes along a ring with speed of light. Transverse oscillations of energy create electromagnetic effect. As you know, I support this idea. Besides, as I already spoke, I consider vacuum, as motionless time. In electric field such ring is oriented by the axis along the direction of force lines of electric field. In process of increase of speed of the ring there is a vector addition of two speeds – speed of the ring and speed of energy in the ring. But as speed of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum is a constant, hence, speed of energy in the ring will decrease (the ring, as though, rotates against movement of energy). This phenomenon is proved by transverse Doppler’s effect. In other words, the time in the ring will be slow down. When the ring–electron will achieve speed of light in vacuum, it … will disappear. Energy will be converted into vacuum, i.e. into the motionless time. At the same moment, to keep balance of energies and symmetry, from the parallel world of the motionless time the antiparticle of electron will be thrown into our world of the motionless space.

Swansont, four questions to you: Mass is property of substance. Yes or no? The Sun radiates photons and at that loses own mass. Yes or no? The Earth absorbs photons and at that increases own mass. Yes or no? Photosynthesis is there is one of processes of absorption of photons. Yes or no?

Just I have received a short explanation in Russian forum "Membrana": The EM-field (Å and Í) of photon is solenoidal (tubular and two-componental). Vector lines are closed, i.e. the photon has tubular structure. Photon is stationary, therefore the hypothetical observer should see stationary òîð from vector lines. The observer should see an electron, as the spiral, which is winded on torus ring, i.e. an electron (and any lepton) is a geometry of vector lines as a spiral from a magnetic field. Accordingly, the positron is winded on torus ring in the opposite direction. The photon is simply torus ring from a magnetic field. Trajectory of a free photon – a geodetic straight line. A trajectory of photon in electron – a circle. A trajectory of photon in baryon – a spiral, which is winded on torus ring, etc.

Swansont, I have. It is necessary a lot of energy to create one small particle of substance – one atom at least. One process is known. It is photosynthesis, but it has very low speed. Perhaps, it is possible to create atom from photons (not EM-waves). For example, to strike by four pulses from four powerful lasers into one point of empty space.

As yet I have not heard, how to transform energy into a matter, therefore I want to offer own model. Model without mechanical spins. Mine avatar represents polytronic model of hydrogen atom. It is a good trap for photons. I hope, you know also about other ring models. As well as I, authors of these models assume, that energy goes inside rings with speed of light, not meeting resistance. I think, it is possible to prove it by the example of superconductivity. At cooling of superconductors occur three processes simultaneously: 1) the increasing of own frequency of polytrons, i.e. increasing of the main quantum number; 2) the drawing together of atoms; 3) the changing of angles between axes of polytrons. At temperature of superconductivity in a crystal the uniform network of polytrons is formed, in which the energy can move not meeting resistance. It is enough "to push" it in the necessary direction and then movement of energy will last vaguely long time. There is a distinction of principle between a wave, which is radiated by an electric contour, and a photon, which is radiated by an excited atom. Frequency of an EM-wave is equal to resonant frequency of an electric contour whereas frequency of a photon is function of two resonant frequencies of atom. I had made attempt to express frequency of a photon with the help of a cycle time of light energy in a ring and with the help by Rydberg’s constant. In result, I have received the formula, which I cannot understand till now. See the paragraph "Conclusion" in: http://vlamir.nsk.ru/pt_e5.pdf

Rat-tat! May I come in? I sit in the room next-door “Quantum numbers – from sky to brain“ alone, and I think of the same problems. J.C.MacSwell wrote (02.02.2005 page ): “If a photon is absorbed by an atom bumping up an electron isn't that an increase of matter (and therefore creation/transformation of energy into matter).” In my opinion, he is right. But I would like to introduce some clarity. For example, if to throw a ball onto a wall, from the wall the same ball will jump aside. But if the photon will fall to a reflecting surface, it never will jump aside this surface. At first this photon will be swallowed up by substance, then in substance there will be some transformations of the absorbed energy and only then from substance will fly out, so-called, «the reflected photon». Actually it is absolutely other photon. First, because the rotation of polarization in it will be opposite. I want to pay your attention to the fact of 180-degree turn of rotation of polarization. As photons have no rest mass, they cannot act on substance the same as flying particles-balls. But in fact, the tails of comets deviate under action of solar light. So, it is necessary to search for replacement for rest mass in any other observable physical phenomenon, for example, in turning of an axis of rotation of energy. One more incontestable fact of that rotating energy shows the properties similar to inert mass, shows behaviour of an axis of a gyroscope at attempt to change its direction.

Above I spoke about, experimentally checked up, mechanical quantum model of polytron and about theoretical transposition of polytronic mathematics on language of electromagnetic processes. In radio engineering there is also an approached electromagnetic model of polytron. It is an electronic high-frequency lamp – magnetron. The oscillatory system of magnetron consist from several empty resonators, which are located on a circle in the massive anode. The cathode, as a rod, – is located axially in the center of this circle from empty resonators. Everyone resonator can be represented, as an oscillatory contour in which electric and magnetic fields are spatially divided. Certainly, it is not satisfactory approximation, but it allows, that the cavity - inductance and the slot - condenser can be presented as asymmetrical quantron. Accordingly, the whole resonant system of magnetron, consisting of "m" resonators represents an asymmetrical electromagnetic polytron with quantum number "m". Asymmetry arises that electric and magnetic fields of everyone quantron are “forcedly” combined in angular space of magnetron. For this reason magnetron is quasi-stationary resonant system, i.e. independently, without excitation, it will not work, and for the same reason, "the tuning" of magnetrons represents a difficult technical task. The natural electromagnetic polytron has no these shortcomings and, therefore, it has phenomenal stability. And the second "phenomenal" property of an electromagnetic polytron is its ability flexibly to change the current quantum number and to adapt to changing external conditions. In this respect, the best device for an alive matter you cannot invent. Based upon the aforesaid, we offer the following formulation for quantum number: “The quantum number is a number quantrons (of resonant vibrating elements) on a quantoide (on an elastic material string, on an orbit, on any closed energy line)”. Six kinds of resonant energy of polytrons and the laws for frequencies and amplitudes of oscillations we have expressed in mathematical formulas. Annihilation of electron and positron we have explained by means of left and right spirality of the polarized oscillations, meanwhile qualitatively. We can model crystal structure of the most simple substances by connection of polytrons into openwork skeletons. However the stumbling-block is the question from what the nature creates these rings. If from energy – then from which? And why obligatory property of this energy is speed of light. If from a matter – then why after the annihilation of substance with antisubstance we cannot find out splinters of this matter. Now I have similar discussion in Russian forum "Membrana", where we search for the answer the last question. I would like to listen to opinion of supporters and opponents of this idea in Science Forum.

On January, 14, 2005 the space probe "Huygens" has successfully finished the seven-year flight to Saturn and has made planting to the surface of its satellite – the Titan. Temperature of surface of this planet is equal minus of 180 degrees Celsius. Under the orange sky splash the oceans also flow the rivers of liquid metane. But for all that, all reports of information about these conditions are accompanied by explanation, that the same conditions existed on the Earth 4 – 4.5 billion years ago. I, by the naivety, thought, that in those days the Earth represented a rotating fiery sphere of magma, lengthways of heated to white equator of which, the huge crests of fire-spitting waves were raised. It is literally for one - two day up to the message on planting the probe "Huygens" in mass media have flown the message and the picture of other planet. Lengthways equator of this planet the ring of a mountain ridge was stretched. Scientists could not give any explanation to this video-fact. Now let's analyze the addition of two movements of the heated magma on equator of a rotating heavenly body: resonant oscillations of equator (the waves of magma) + rotation of heavenly body. Good model of this process can be process of “the rolling” of ocean wave on flat coast. The crest of a wave twists in a direction of movement of a wave. Hence, if the crest can come off the wave then it forms independent body, which will rotate in the same direction where the wave goes. Now let's look at nine planets of solar system. Seven planets – Mercury, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto, – have the same direction of rotation, as the Sun. Two planets – Venus and Uranus, – have a reverse direction of rotation, but these two planets have also other anomalies. On Venus the duration of "day" is equal to 243 terrestrial days, whereas duration of "year" is equal to 225 terrestrial days. On Uranus the angle of inclination of equator to the plane of orbit is equal 98 degrees. The shown model of formation of planets and mountain ridges on equators of planets can explain also brighter luminescence of equators of young planets, if such phenomenon was discovered sometime.

Let's make the simple experiment. Clamp up an elastic wire ring in one point and pull it in radial direction. You will see three vibrating sections. Let's name each such section as quantron. Because the form of quantron has own mathematics. This process is named as a radial resonance of a not free (bond) ring. If you will hang this ring on four threads and put on the vibrate force of corresponding frequency you will see four quantrons. It is a radial resonance of a free ring. At higher frequency you will see six quantrons, then eight, etc., i.e. a mathematical row. At each moment of time the vibrating ring has the certain shape. The mathematical curve, which describes this shape in space and in time, is named as quantoide. It is obvious, that at any moment the length of quantoide should remain a constant, otherwise the ring will be broken off. The condition of the constancy of length of quantoide imposes rigid restriction on amplitude of oscillations. This restriction is expressed that the amplitude of oscillations cannot be more, than some limiting value. In experiments the law of restriction of amplitudes works faultlessly and is described by simple enough equations. Within the limits of the allowed amplitudes there is an interesting connection – at the certain values of amplitudes the area covered by quantoide, contains an integer of the quantron’s areas. Relative values of these amplitudes also form a mathematical row. But this row consists of inverse values of integers. At the well-defined moments of time the quantoide takes the shape of a circle. At other moments its shape is close to the shape of an ellipse. Hence, for the description of trajectories of planets the equation of quantoide quite approaches. It is possible: 1) Orbits of planets have the shape of quantoide, but not an ellipse. 2) The radial resonance of orbits is just that mechanism, which transforms circular orbits in elliptic, and subsequently in parabolic and spiral, after overcoming limiting amplitude of quantron’s oscillations. I think, this process should arise on equator of a rotating star. Rotation of a star breaks a radial resonance and creates pushes, which throw out liquid and gaseous substance in space. Probably, the thrown out substance "remembers" parameters of the resonance. I have the equation of a radial resonance and I can show, how it works in the time and in the space at quantum number 4. http://vlamir.nsk.ru/pt4_film.gif Besides on equator of the cooled down heavenly body the tracks of the radial resonance as crests and hollows can be left. Unfortunately, I am not strong in cosmology. Now I am interested with stability of electrons in atoms and with mechanics of emission of electron. Therefore I try to find the alternative decision. In particular – the decision for orbits which have no the obvious gravitational center. It is quite possible, that quantum numbers will help me to construct the little bridge between celestial mechanics and mechanics of atom. Let's look, what can be an intra-atomic oscillator. 1) As I already spoke, tangential energy of a mechanical radial resonance can be used for calculation of energy of radiation of atom. At that, the frequency of own oscillations of oscillator is described by the square-law (is proportional to a square of quantum number), and internal tangential energy, which is proportional to a square tangential amplitude, is inversely proportional binary exponential function 2^x. Energy of radiation, as it is proved already, is proportional to the difference of energies between two quantum states of oscillator. Let it will be the first small evidence for the ring shape of oscillator. 2) Lines in spectra of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions represent doublets. Hence, it is possible to assume, that, at least, the atom of hydrogen has two oscillators. 3) Existence of the electron-positron annihilation assumes existence of the inverse process. There is a question – whether there can be an atom the generator of electrons. One such process is well-known. It is beta-decay. But according to the theory of beta-decay the nucleus have no electrons. Electrons are born during beta-decay. 4) Then there is other question – what prevents to the process of a birth of electrons in other parts of atom, for example, on its surface. Now imagine the design of four quantoides, which are located on four sides of a cube. One pair of oppositely located quantoides works in a mode of a radial resonance, other pair – in a mode of an axial resonance. Quantoides are connected with each other in four nodes. Energy goes on quantoides with speed of light and serves as a carrier of resonant oscillations. Axial quantrons have no tangential components of energy and, therefore, cannot radiate. Can radiate only radial quantrons. And only free nodes of quantoide can radiate energy. Hence, in this connected structure, the radiation can begin only with quantum number 4. But experiences with a mechanical resonance show, that the resonance can exist and at quantum number 2, when on the ring is stacked one wave only. From here the conclusion automatically arises, that at excitation of radial quantoide up to quantum number 2, from atom not quantum of electromagnetic energy, but the certain formation of connected energy should be thrown out. Probably, it is the electron. Anyway, the mathematics of this model does not contradict experiment. Now let's pass to concrete physical model and we shall investigate its information opportunities. Quantoides – it is mathematics, polytrons – it is already physics. Free polytrons are capable to occupy the energy levels, which are corresponding to even quantum numbers 2, 4, 6, etc. At that, radial polytrons radiate or absorb energy at transitions from one quantum number to another, whereas axial polytrons can be at the occupied level practically unlimited time, i.e. these are dumb keepers of the information. Polytrons, which are connected in atoms as open works, are capable to occupy energy levels in wider a spectrum of quantum numbers – 3, 4, 5, 6, … At that, the change of quantum number can be caused by the changing of positions of polytrons relative each other, i.e. at the minimal power consumption. Thus, any atom is a cell for storage of the information, and the information exchange represents inquiries and answers about spectra of possible quantum numbers. Therefore the nature has chosen this cell of memory for neurons – for these alive supercomputers. I assume, that there will be a question – what connection here with celestial mechanics. It is well known, that related organisms (the parent – the child) have mysterious biological connection with each other. This connection operates on any distance and penetrates through any obstacles. Known energy fields cannot explain this connection, therefore a probable explanation can be spectra of quantum numbers. I think, that a basis of all biological information systems is hydrogen: 1) hydrogen is the most widespread element in the universe (~80%). 2) the content of hydrogen in a human body achieves 100 gramms in each kg of weight. 3) hydrogen is present at all four building blocks DNA (six atoms in thimine, and on five atoms in adenine, guanine and cytosine), and also in all twenty amino acids. 4) hydrogen possesses ability to twist in a spiral the combinations with other elements. 5) hydrogen, as the most simple element, has the most precise spectrum of quantum numbers, hence, the probability of mistakes and failures in such information cell is minimal. 6) natural information cells directly use own resonant frequencies of atoms, i.e. resonant frequencies of polytrons. The information systems, which are created by the human are constructed on base of electronics and have only two numbers, 0 and 1. It cannot be named as a spectrum. Cells work on frequencies received due to a difference energy of electrons at various levels. From here the limit at which these systems will cease to submit to the existing theory is already looked through. Still there is the concept of hydrogen bond, which also is constructed on physical and mythical properties of electrons. In my opinion, it is already the cleanest eclecticism – mechanistic carry of laws of celestial mechanics and the theory of probability inside of atoms.

I have the important occasion to talk about gravitation and inertia. I managed to find the formula for gravitational electron mass in units of angular acceleration This formula expresses the current state of real world. The Earth is rotate around own axis and around of the Sun. The solar system is rotate around of center of our Galaxy. Our Galaxy is rotate around of center of some other Supergalaxy, etc. Some of these systems can be rotating with accelerating; others can be rotating with slowing. The total of rotary accelerations influences the value of gravitation and mass in each point of space and time. Besides, all these systems vibrate – from cosmic objects until atoms and below. Atoms consist of vibrant energy rings - from polytrons. The vibration of polytrons creates in space the electrical and magnetic forces, which are indissolubly coupled with each other. Forces of vibration are spread in space with speed of light, interacting with polytrons in atoms and with free polytrons, and create the lively and active medium for everything, what can vibrate. In dinosaur's times the earth year and the earth day were shorter, therefore now we live in the phase of negative angular acceleration. We guess, that the electronegativity of the Earth is conditioned by her uniformly slowed gyration. The Earth is the huge gyroscope, which is charged by negative electricity. The gyration of electric charge generates some part of magnetic field of the Earth. In order to test quantitatively this supposition it is necessary go to the "magnetic" history of the Earth. During the existence the Earth, her magnetic poles had turned over some times. Not so large energy is necessary for turn over of poles of the Earth. In any case, it is significant smaller than it is necessary for rotational displacement of our earth gyroscope on 180 degrees. But if to assume, that at rotation of the solar system around of galactic center, we moving on an elliptic orbit, then the pattern becomes more–less actual. At moving of celestial body on an elliptic orbit the rotary acceleration of the body changes the sign four times for each turnover. The period of revolution of the solar system around of center of our Galaxy is approximately equal of 240 millions years. Therefore, the period of revolution of the magnetic field of the Earth should be equal of 60 millions years. The reality of the world, in which we live, is, that we are capable to feel and to meter with the help of instruments only three phenomena of the nature - space, time and force. The majority of other physical units of measurements should not be utilized in theoretical physics, because they bring in tangle to understanding of the existing theories and hamper development of new hypotheses. The research of physical and mathematical legitimacies of interaction between different objects of the surrounding world is extremely fascinating occupation. But we never should forget about the main duty for the researchers. This duty consists in the solution of secrets of the living substance. The equations of the electrical, magnetic and mechanical moments are designed specially to search for the laws of living substance in the mathematical form. More detailed information, how the reduced formula was obtained you will discover in my site http://vlamir.nsk.ru/index.htm in the works: http://vlamir.nsk.ru/inertia_e.pdf http://vlamir.nsk.ru/dipole of speed_e.pdf

The page " Dissociation of hydrogen " became very big (545Kb) and my computer handles the file much slowly. Therefore I offer to prolong talk here. aman: I can see how polytrons are symmetric relative to single atoms or molecules but in an iron bar where electrons can travel influenced by a magnetic field and build voltage potentials, how does this effect the symmetry of the polytrons? Your question, aman, concerns simultaneously several intricate problems. At first, it is the problem on, how polytrons create electric field. The problem of the physical nature of charge and electric field is considered in forums permanently, but the clearness has not appeared till now. In my opinion, the electric field is created by polytrons, which are located on a surface of metal flatways. Then polytrons, which are located apeak, will not create an electric field, since it will be closed. While, it is only supposition. Secondly, you have jumped at once through 24 elements in the Mendeleyev's table. While, we researched upper spectrums and some properties of hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron and carbon. Up to iron still very much far. Taking into account the circumstance, that above polytronic model only two men work at, the answer your question I can give not soon. Thirdly, the influence of electrical and magnetic fields to symmetry of atoms, molecules, crystals and domains is proved for a long time experimentally. The mathematical means of polytronic model allows precisely evaluating mechanical deformation, i.e. violation of symmetry, from operation of electrical and magnetic forces. But the precise experimental facts are necessary for the proof. Besides, these calculations require a lot of time.

Thanks aman, I consider, Internrt-forum is the best variant of the publication. Here there is a lot of youth and about new ideas they should learn in the first instance.

One of methods of measurement of dissociation energy is the calorimetric method. If you remember, the calorimetric method was applied for definition of equivalence of energy of mechanical motion and heat. Since then it is accepted to consider, that the heat is the manifestation of chaotic moving of particles and collisions them with each other. It is the aged-, aged-, aged-stereotype of understanding of nature of heat. In beginning of mine thread " New interpretation of gravitational constant " I spoke: "… I participate in forums long enough, therefore for me the judgement was formed, that the great theorists XIX and XX of centuries had made for us the path, which inevitably reduces everyone entering on it to fathomless pit of fallacies. I invite once again to walk along this path and to look under legs very closely to find a place, where the path has turned to the pit." It seems, nobody has accepted seriously this my invitation. It is pity. The heat is not chaotic moving of particles. The chaotic moving of particles is the method of transmission of heat from one object to another. Directly heat represents itself resonance oscillations of polytrons. Look in fig. 5 once again. Gamma-quantums have the electrical (polarized) component. This component is shown by numerous red arrows. At flying of gamma-quantum through any polytron, it gives up a share of its electrical component to polytron. Depending on energy of the quantum and depending on which part of atom the quantum will hit, it is probably much variety of interactions. You can switch on own imagination and write own script. For me, the most important script is at which, as a result of absorption of portion of energy the polytrons pass to more low frequency of own resonance oscillations. This script should be written by the mathematical language with the help of mathematical model, which we have offered to attention of a scientific public two years ago. This mathematical model contains more than hundred equations.

Thanks aman, In my "New interpretation of gravitational constant" there is attached file "Dipole of speed" (pdf and zip). I should like to know your opinion about my math.

Runner, To comprehend the truth it is necessary to have the heightened sensitivity of the truth and to live many years. It is difficult for combining. Good lucks. Radius of the Earth was known ancient Hindus in V century B.C. (6239 km). Ancient Chaldeans had almost the same value of radius of the Earth in VII century B.C.. But that fact is more surprising all, that the ancient Egyptians knew and had utilized this value at building before five thousand years B.C.. Our civilization has calculated radius of the Earth only in XIX century. Maybe, my question will seem for you unexpected, but I want to know: In what the mankind was guilty before the Creator? Why he deleted all knowledge from memory of the subsequent generations? If I am not mistaken, the following words belong to Bismarck: " The Theory of revolution is written by the geniuses, the revolution is realized by the fanatics, and fruits of revolution are used by impostors ". These words can confidently be referred as to Politics, as well as and to Science. Maybe, we go by the same way? Then, after five thousand years our CDs will be utilized by semi-barbarian boys as toys. *** Now I want to look at the problem of formalism of the concept of "mass" on the other side. I think, that the solution of the problem of mass it is necessary to search by comparison of mass with different sorts of energy. In this case, mass can be expressed, as speed of change of an amount of energy in the system and as speed of conversion of one sorts of energy into others. All of us know, that there are two sorts of a mechanical energy - kinetic and potential. But physics for some reason have yielded to these different sorts of energy the identical unit of measurements - joule. One joule is an operation of force equal to one newton on length equal to one meter |J=N*m|. We have fulfilled researches of resonance processes in classical (macroscopic) objects of the ring form and have found the equations, which can be applied to the description of processes of exchange of EM energy between atoms and conversion energy in atoms. From these equations follows, that the dimensionality of electric charge |C| is equal to the square root of force multiplied on time |C~(N^1/2)*s| or |N~(C/s)^2|. Agree with me, that physical nature of such dimensionality of electric charge we understand cannot. But dimensionality of energy expressed as |N*s| is possible to understand as operation of force in time, i.e. as operation without moving. Let's designate operation (energy) with moving |El|~|N*m|, and operation (energy) without moving |Et|~|N*s|. Then the ratio |El/Et|~v will have dimensionality of speed. One of sorts of exchange of energy between atoms is the exchange by photons E=h*[nu]. Dimensionality Planck`s constant is |J*s|=|N*m*s|=|Et*m|, i.e. the Planck`s constant represents operation of photon on length commensurable with sizes of atom. On the other hand, the identity |N~(C/s)^2| can be considered as quadrate of a variable charge, i.e. quadrate of the electrical component of wave. From standard definition of kinetic energy Ek=(M/2)*v^2~(M/2)*(El/Et)^2 also follows, that the mass is formal concept. The mass can go into as into El, as well as, into Et. The change of kinetic energy happens at change of the ratio El/Et. Maybe, someone will consider, that I offer to forget concept of "mass". It is not so. The concept of "mass" has helped us at creation of new mathematics very much. I offer to upgrade concept of "mass" and to express it by means of wave properties of the Universe.

Now we shall pass to an explanation of the aforecited formulas. You well see, that the first six formulas have the homogeneous factors before brackets. This is product of the electron mass and quadrate of speed of light. It is energy. Therefore, all other terms in the formulas are dimensionless. On the first sight it seems, that here there are no problems. However problem is, and this problem is the main hindrance to understanding of the structure of microcosmos and nanoworld. Two phenomena, which underlay modern physical theories, are constructed on two fictions by scientists XIX and XX of centuries. The first phenomenon is the dualism of wave and particle. The second phenomenon is the transmutation of mass and energy. The first fiction is the fundamental particle. The second fiction is the formalism "mass". If we shall eliminate both fictions from phenomena, then remains with reality: Wave = Energy. Thus, the electron mass in our formulas is a superfluous term. Instead of the mass there should be some a wave property of microcosmos, and, maybe, of Universe. This problem is not solved till now. I think, this problem troubles many participants of forums. So, for example, Michael F. Dmitriyev debates the theme " Particle-wave duality on a scale of light frequencies " in Physics Forums. His theme is closely interlaced with my theme. I hope, that we can remove a veil of a fog above this problem. The reason of our obstinate misunderstanding of the reality is, that training of man to any theories represents the targeted process of cultivating of stereotypes in consciousness and subconsciousness of the man. It is the Pavlov's theory, which, it is necessary to tell, still never has yielded of failure. I consciously speak, that it is zombeing of students. For students a lot of theoretical material give, and then require good knowledge its material. Complexity, multiformity and problemness of the experimental facts they should find out already after training-zombeing.

Spasibo YT2095, Thanks aman! I think, this theme can be developed in several directions: dissociation, structure of atoms, structure of gamma-quantums, etc. But, at first, I would like to devote a little of time to the problem of oncological illnesses. We well know, that oncological illness arise by reasons of destruction of DNA molecules (desoxyribonucleic acid). In particular, at irradiation by hard gamma radiation, probability of origin and heavy outcome of illness is almost 100 %. The DNA molecules contain very many hydrogen atoms. According to my studying (unfortunately, very skin-deep), these atoms provide information link inside our organism. It is a very thin and hypersensitive way of link by means of exchange of signals with composite structure. Look at figures 3, 4 and 5. Fig.3 Left-spiral hydrogen atom Fig.4 Structure of gamma-quanta Fig.5 Violation of the helicity of hydrogen atom under impact of gamma-quantum As distinct from visible light and ultraviolet, which cause a burn, gamma rays are capable to penetrate into substance much depth and to tear intermolecular links. The existing theory gives the rather foggy explanation to concept " intermolecular link ". Idea of exchange with imponderable virtual particles here is utilized. Therefore, according to this idea, gamma-quantums are capable to hit in virtual particles and to kill them. It is similar to complete bosh, whether the truth. We consider, that the penetrability of photons and gamma-quantums depends on their transversal size. In a fig. 5 the process of flying of gamma-quantum through atom of hydrogen is shown. The gamma-quantum vary the helicity of atom. The false helicity is transmitted on a chain to other hydrogen atoms in the DNA-molecule and, as a result, the whole molecule passes into abnormal state. Our idea consists in the following. Whether it is impossible to find a gamma-quantums with such energy, which would restore atoms into normal state.

Before to begin new theme, I would like to convey the pleasant news. Recently young Russian physicist Sergey Polyschuk won the gold medal and premium of Russian Academy of Sciences for new theoretical developments in physics of nanoworld. The scientific work by Sergey is bounded with researching of ring energy elements of nanoworld. For the extension of area of researches, the scientific chief of Sergey, Dr. A.Kushelev kindly has offered to include my themes from Science Forums and Physics Forums into the encyclopedia of nanoworld, as section of Polytronic Physics. I thank all participants of forums, who shared in arguing my themes and helped in solution of my problems. *** In this paper we demonstrate the alternate model of dissociation of hydrogen. This model guesses, that the atoms are constructed from vibrant energy rings of two types. The energy rings of the first type vibrate in radial direction and represent multi-frequency emitters of energy or radial polytrons. The energy rings of the second type vibrate in axial direction and represent multi-frequency stores of energy or axial polytrons. Fig.1. Model of hydrogen atom at m=4 In fig.1 all four polytrons of hydrogen atom are shown. The atom of hydrogen contains two radial (red color) and two axial (blue color) polytrons. The number of vibrant segments in one polytron is named as the frequency order of polytron and is designated by the character m. All four polytrons in fig.1 are shown at the frequency order m=4. The polytrons are joined one with another in nodes. Thus for each two joined rings three obvious conditions should be observed: 1) the Speed of energy in rings should have identical direction. 2) the Frequencies of own resonance oscillations in rings should be equal. 3) the Directions of transversal oscillations (polarization) also should coincide. The exchange of resonance energy between polytrons happens in nodes. Polytrons possess seven types of energy. One type of energy is defined by the value of speed of light in vacuum and is general for radial and axial polytrons. Each type of polytrons possesses also three types of resonance energy. Resonance energies of radial polytron: 1) Energy of tangential oscillations (7-1) 2) Energy of radial oscillations (7-2) 3) Energy of pulsations of radial dynamic layer (7-3) Resonance energy of axial polytron: 1) Axial component of energy (7-4) 2) Radial component of energy (7-5) 3) Energy of pulsations of axial dynamic layer (7-6) From the vibration theory we know, that energy of resonance oscillations is proportional to quadrate of amplitude. In particular, we have found, that tangential energy of radial polytron is proportional to the total square of segments. The formula for calculation of this square looks like (7-7) In Fig.2 are shown the sequence of joining of two hydrogen atoms in the molecule, i.e. the process of associating of two hydrogen atoms is shown. In the left drawing both atoms occupy the energy level, which corresponds to the frequency order m=6. In these conditions the atoms cannot be associated in the molecule, as opposite of places of connection the antinodes of polytrons are placed. In order the atoms were capable to associate it is necessary, that opposite of places of connection the nodes of polytrons were located. The nearest frequency order, at which this condition will be fulfilled is m=12. Therefore, all eight polytrons should pass from the level m=6 to the level m=12 (see middle drawing). Fig.2. The process of associating of two hydrogen atoms in molecule At transition from m=6 to m=12 each hydrogen radial polytron radiates energy 1.113eV, that makes 7% from its full tangential energy. At the same time the full resonance energy of axial polytrons remains practically invariable (decrease makes ~0.001 %). Thus, the total energy of emission from four radial polytrons will make E1+E2=4x1.113=4.452eV The molecule of hydrogen as a parallelepiped is unstable; therefore it become transformed to a octahedron (see right drawing) and radiates energy E3. According to experimental facts, energy of dissociation of hydrogen molecule is 432.07 kJ/mol, that forms 4.478 eV/molecule. Energy of geometrical transformation makes E3=4.478-4.452=0.026 eV

or in attached zip-file (5Kb) fine_structure_constant.zip

In the previous theme I spoke, that tangential energy of the dipole of speed is proportional to its square. Accordingly, tangential energy of radial resonance oscillations of the energy ring is proportional to the total square of all dipoles of speed in the ring. See files "dipole of speed.pdf" (227Kb) or "dipole of speed.zip" (182Kb) in thread "New interpretation of gravitational constant". At mathematical simulation of atomic ring oscillators it was revealed, that the radiation of the oscillator consists of tangential energy practically on 100 %. The matching of the calculated outcomes with experimental data in spectrums of ionized atoms of hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen has confirmed this legitimacy. ... Math see in attached pdf-file (89Kb) fine_structure_constant.pdf

Discussion about, can or cannot photons carry away a mass of atoms is particular. In more perspective plan, the task about the gravitational constant is inseparably linked with infinity and zero. In the meantime, I don't know how to approach to this problem. At first, it is necessary to understand, how the law of superposition in relation to curvature of speed should work. If to go by simple integration on all infinite space, in outcome we should receive "a continuous black hole". In reality it is not present, but there are discrete celestial objects, which have anomalous gravitational force. It is possible to assume, that the universe is not infinite, but to prove it experimentally hardly probably. It is possible to assume, that there is a certain mechanism of the outflow of gravitation. Then it is necessary to search for this mechanism within atoms, but not in the sky. Here I want to say, that the model of atom taken from the sky, requires, that in the sky there was an infinite set of absolutely identical objects. Secondly, it is necessary to invent mathematics and to explain, why the variable component of curvature of speed cannot be magnified over some fixed limit. Then we can more specifically put the task about registration of gravitons and, accordingly, about speed of gravitation. Thirdly, it is necessary to understand to what reduces infinite increase of constant component of curvature of speed. The infinite curvature is a zero in space. The answers to these problems become more categorical estimation for my idea.