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How can the way we think not be related to neuroscience?

IN sum: it was never really clear from your replies when you thought psychology as an empirically supported" science began. You then said it would be stupid of me to not defend my assertions. To one of my defences you stated that empirically supported psychology began after 1952. To the other study (from 1994) you suddenly changed tack and impliedly accused me of "baiting" you for providing the very defense you had requested. I have no option but to assume you are unable to answer my question.

That would be the "bait" that you yourself demanded, no? "Or we could just leave it there and not defend our assertions. But that would be a stupid." - Phdwannabe See? Well there you go. We're agreeing already. Now, what reply do you have to the contention of heavyweight psychologists Andrew Christensen and Neil Jacobson that modern, empirically supported psychotherapeutic treatments did not exist in 1994? The study 'Who--Or What--Can Do Psychotherapy?' by Andrew Christensen and Neil Jacobson in 'Psychological Science,' January 1994; The contention that therapy delivered by nonprofessionals is just as effective as that performed by professionals. By Virginia Rutter, published on March 01, 1994 A major study shows that psychotherapy doesn't work very well at all. Butbefore you jump to simple conclusions, consider this: When it comes to matters of the mind, drug therapy isn't any more effective. The matter is scarcely insignificant. Some 16 million people a year use mental-health services such as psychotherapy. And an estimated 24 million more need help, though many of them get it outside the mental-health system. Now, two heavyweight psychologists have completed a thorough review of the literature. Their findings are eye-opening--though you won't find the mental-health establishment calling a press conference. The two psychologists report that years of experience, professional education, or lawful credentials do not determine the success of psychotherapy. Never mind that millions of dollars are spent each year on studies comparing the approaches of experienced therapists. Never mind that the more experienced, more educated therapists charge more money for their services. The outcome of therapy is not enhanced by training, education, or years of experience. It may not even matter whether there is a live therapist present! http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199403/oops-very-embarrassing-story

The Eysenck study is here: http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1953-05921-001 "Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol 16(5), Oct 1952, 319-324. "A survey was made of reports on the improvement of neurotic patients after psychotherapy, and the results compared with the best available estimates of recovery without benefit of such therapy. The figures fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from neurotic disorder. In view of the many difficulties attending such actuarial comparisons, no further conclusions could be derived from the data whose shortcomings highlight the necessity of properly planned and executed experimental studies into this important field." 40 references. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2010 APA, all rights reserved) * Digital Object Identifier: * 10.1037/h0063633"

But where have these clinicians shown psychology to cure mental illness? If we accept that Freudianism is a load of bollocks, we also accept the need for it to have been proven completely independently that psychology does this. Freud proved nothing of the sort, so who did? Not that I can see. Could you quote the bit where you think such a distinction is made? I believe she does. Prolonged therapy is shown to help a bit more than short term therapy, although the greatest rate of improvement is shown in the first month. None of it shown to help very much. Surely it's incumbent on you to show evidence that it does work, as this assertion is in no way proven? I say to you the assumption of clinical psychologists that they can cure mental illness without proof has led to their mistreatment of schizophrenia, pellagra, tourette's and autism (one psychologist decided autism was caused by refrigerator mother's). This led to mnany loving mothers being needlessly blamed and slandered before the founder of the theory was exposed as a fraud. Ok, the study suggesting paraprofessionals may be just as helpful as professionals was part of this literature review: 'Who--Or What--Can Do Psychotherapy?' by Andrew Christensen and Neil Jacobson in 'Psychological Science,' January 1994; "The two psychologists report that years of experience, professional education, or lawful credentials do not determine the success of psychotherapy. Never mind that millions of dollars are spent each year on studies comparing the approaches of experienced therapists. Never mind that the more experienced, more educated therapists charge more money for their services. The outcome of therapy is not enhanced by training, education, or years of experience. It may not even matter whether there is a live therapist present!" "The duo also discussed a 1979 review of 42 studies that compared professional and paraprofessional therapists. Only one component of the study demonstrated superiority of professionals; in 12, paraprofessionals actually helped people more. The remaining 29 found no differences." "Over the years, the data from the troublesome 1979 review have been reanalyzed using more stringent standards; each time the results have come back stronger for paraprofessionals. One study concluded: "Clients who seek help from paraprofessionals are more likely to achieve resolution of their problem than those who consult professionals." "Observes Christensen: "With most professions it is very clear there is a specific skill involved, but in psychotherapy it is not clear that the skills of the therapist are any more helpful than the skills of people with life experience in dealing with a problem."" "A new study of depression treatment by the National Institute of Mental Health puts the success rate--for drugs or psychotherapy--at 19 to 30 percent. "My mother wonders what I get paid for if this is the best I can do," quips Jacobson." http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199403/oops-very-embarrassing-story

Hardly. Where exactly has psychotherapy been proven to work? Hmm.. no: "A survey was made of reports on the improvement of neurotic patients after psychotherapy, and the results compared with the best available estimates of recovery without benefit of such therapy. The figures fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from neurotic disorder. In view of the many difficulties attending such actuarial comparisons, no further conclusions could be derived from the data whose shortcomings highlight the necessity of properly planned and executed experimental studies into this important field. " Will search for one. Never said it did? Page 11 of this article: http://tanadineen.com/writer/articles/ForDistribution/Skeptic.pdf Tana Dineen takes the APA's Consumer Reports claims re. effectiveness of psychotherapy to pieces. Surely they wouldn't have to resort to dishonest reporting like this if their claims were genuine?

Gosh, you sound quite abrupt. Was it you who minused my comment? Clinical psychology was founded on the professional fraud of Sigmund Freud, who publically claimed his case study patients had been cured, while privately admitting that they were nothing of the sort in correspondence with his fiancee. What does clincial psychology specifically do? Nothing. It's founded on unproven theories and "proved" with self-validating reasoning. Specific studies: Eysenck (a clinical psychologist) showed in a study that the proportion of people who improved in psychotherapy was identical to the proportion of people who improved on their own (albeit over a longer period). The American Association of Psychologists President once referenced a study at an annual meeting of their association,which showed all you needed to be a good therapist was an empathetic character. The empathetic person would be good without all the supposedly high-powered education. My friend's friend is a social psychologist at Rutgers who agreed with this conclusion. Beyond empathy, he thought the rest was nonsense. Like his example: drumming your fingers on the table demonstrates a masturbatory complex. Its nonsense, but as "scientific" as anything Freud did: just the latest vogue in speculation.

I've been impressed by some of the social psychologists like Zimbardo, although I'm not sure what he's doing is science. "Clinical psychology" is a nonsense.

Sorry pioneer, you've obviously put a lot of work into that answer but it doesn't really address my point. What evidence is there that clinical psychology is an efficacious treatment for mental illness?

But that's why I keep asking: what is the basis of clincial psychology's supposed efficacy today? How is it necessarily efficacious in a way that, say, talking to a good friend will not be?

But that means it's a subjective definition, and therefore not scientific. Someone may appear to have no reason to be depressed yet have a physical disorder which has depression as a symptom (like typhus or lyme's disease, for example). Could you give me an example of how this works in practice? FWIW I believe in business psychology, ... It's clinical psychology whose efficacy I doubt. As a palliative measure, right?

OK... 1) I'm not sure I agree with your definition of abnormal psychology. For example, "long periods of discomfort" might be an entirely rational response to discomforting circumstances. 2) You asked why I made an ad hominem attack on Freud - I replied his dishonesty is critical to understanding why his work was a failure. You then make a different point "Still doesn't make the entire field of psychology wrong". It calls into question the validity of the scientific basis of psychotherapy, supposedly established by Freud. 3)"Of course psychological experiments are going to be done by psychologists". The data can - and shoulod - be analysed by people who are in a position to be objective and unbiased in respect of their conclusions. The experiments also need to contain a control group and a clear definition of success. 4) "Could I get a link to that study." I've no link to the study itself; you can see it quoted in "Psychology Today" here: http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199403/oops-very-embarrassing-story?page=2 Neither... is psychotherapy supposed to restore, say, depressed patients to wellness? If so, by what mechanism is it supposed to achieve this? Hmm.. no. I'm not saying clinical psychology is unscientific because its made "mistakes". I'm saying it's unscientific because there's no identifiable scientific basis for it. Whereas there is in clinical medicine... you get a skin infection, you take antibiotics. You get asthma, you take ventolin. There's an identifiable scientific basis upon which the medicine remedies the ill.

Well then, please state it. In this case, that fact he committed profesional fraud. Whether he believer what he taught or not, he deliberately falsified his case histories. That's what I mean by lying and committing professional fraud. He was publicly claiming his case history patients were cured but privately admitting to close associates that they were anything but. Take Anna O - the founding case of psychoanalysis. At Freud's insistence, he and Breur fabricated the case, claiming she was fully cured. But in reality she was committed to an asylum. Freud told his fiancee in a letter that Breur thought she would never be well. He did the same thing with Dora (a mess when she died, but perfectly cured according to Freud). Same thing with Ratman (a mess when Freud left him as privately admitted by Freud, but Freud publicly claimed he had engineered "the perfect restoration of the fellow's personality"). These were not "honest mistakes". These were deliberate falsifications. But he had patients telling him time again they didn't share his sick fantasies. He ignored them. He was raised by a nanny and it's not rare for orphans or people not raised by there parents to have sexual desire towards them when they meet. But many of those studies appear to have been done without controls, by psychologists who were already invested in psychotherapy for a living. They weren't independent. NIMH claimed a mere 19% - 30% of depressives got better from either psychotherapy or SSRI's. Surely psychotherapy would have a satisfactory cure rate if it actually worked? What is the scientific basis of clinical psychology? Was it actually supposed to be achieving? ... What?

No... how are you defining "Abnormal Psychology"? Because it wasn't just his methodology that was wrong. He was a Professional Liar. He perpetrated a Professional Fraud. Well yeah, that's a fraction of it. He assumed everyone had his own incestuous desires, his theory of repression etc. Because clinical psychology's status as a cure for mental illness has no basis in scientific fact. It's a mass assumption that it cures mental illness... where is the evidence? This is why I asked above: as we appear to be agreed Freud's psychotherapy wasn't valid in the first place, on what basis are people assuming psychotherapy's become scientific since? I know nothing about the humours, but Medical treatments today are based on scientific fact. That's the difference. I quite agree Jung was a quack... but why you've mentioned him out of the blue or added "Just because he makes people feel cuddly inside doesn't make him right. If you base your facts on what makes you feel good write a self-help book, not a scientific paper." is a mystery to me.

Yep - Frederick Crews - "Unauthorised Freud". How are you defining "abnormal psychology"? Some apt quotes about Freud here: How Freud really thought about his clients behind their backs: "He compared himself to a lion in a cartoon he saw. The lion is checking his watch at feeding time and asks, "where are my Negroes?" Freud said his patients were his "Negroes". (Jones p. 116)" How much concern Freud really had for his clients: "Turning down an invitation to travel, Freud wrote that a wealthy woman client "might get well during my absence."" "The philosopher Karl Popper said Freudian psychoanalysis is as devoid of scientific method as palm reading." Freud's involvement with the Sabbatean movement: "Freud discussed Kabbalah with a rabbi Chaim Bloch in 1920. The rabbi told Prof. Bakan that the two men argued when Freud proposed that Moses had been an Egyptian pharaoh, not a Jew. Freud stormed off, leaving the rabbi alone in his study. It was then that Bloch saw books on the shelves which identified Freud as a follower of Sabbatai Zevi, (the Sabbatean founder.) " http://www.henrymakow.com/freud_sabbatean.html

I wrote a long and detailed reply to PHD wannabe's post, only for my comp to lose it. CCdan could be looking into my mind right now. i would just add 1) as we appear to be agreed Freud's psychotherapy wasn't valid in the first place, on what basis are people assuming psychotherapy's become scientific since? 2) Freud falsified his own case histories... wrote his patients up as cured when in fact if anything he made them worse. He ought to have been struck off; why was he allowed to pioneer anything? George Frank examined the scientific assumptions psychotherapy appears to base itself. He looked through 70 years of literature and found there was little evidence to support it.

A five year old boy comes to you complaining of being traumatised after seeing a horse fall down in a street. You tell him he wants to sleep with his mother and kill his father and sister. This is "decent social commentary"... how? His treatment of his patients constituted sexual harassment. And how can psychotherapy have evolved to have become worthwhile when the roots that Freud laid down for it were bogus in the first place? If you mean talking to an understanding listener is worthwhile... surely this was known 10,000 years previously? But how does that constitute being a pioneer? Satanists, for example, teach that happiness comes from liberation of repressed desires - sexually repressed desires particularly. I assume they were doing so long, long, before Fraud graced us with his "thesis". Right... moved on to what exactly?

Who was Sigmund Freud? So who was this giant whose insights have indirectly played a major role in our resistance to exploring the benefits of controlling our sexual desire, and how did he reach his conclusions? In investigating this question I learned that Freud supported his conclusions with only six full case studies. Some of the patients were not even his. Since Freud’s lifetime scholars have dug up letters and contemporaneous case notes that demonstrate Freud did not, in fact, produce dramatic cures in these cases. In 1998 professor Frederick C. Crews published a series of essays by experts, called Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend.2 Was the father of psychoanalysis a fraud? … The myth: Sigmund Freud was the heroic investigator who …[freed] a culture from its dependence on sexual denial. The reality: Professor Crews argues that Freud devised a self-validating method of inquiry, deluded himself about his patients' illnesses, and failed to cure them. He founded a doctrinaire movement that has excommunicated dissenters while trying to evade empirical scrutiny. As one reader said: The essays show Freud as a fabricator of his patients' confessions, a liar, a cheat, a ruthless censor, a myth creator (about himself), a paranoiac, an icy remorseless opportunist, a jealous and imperious character full of a priori's, a megalomaniac, an impostor, a tyrant and a misogynist ('the self-evident superiority of male to female sex organs'; 'civilisation was a male creation.') He projected his own obsessions on his patients and on his analytical writings ... He could himself not show one single validated psychoanalytical cure! More, he was even not interested in cures: 'I prefer a student ten times more than a neurotic.' Here’s a tongue-in-cheek account of one the six famous Freudian case studies.3 'Dora' was a depressed and "hysterical" seventeen-year-old (not eighteen, as Freud claimed) who reluctantly came to Sigmund because of problems involving friends of the family, Mr. and Mrs. K. Dora was upset because (1) Mr. K. obviously wanted a piece of her and had even made passes at her when she was thirteen and sixteen, and (2) she rightly believed that her father and Mrs. K. were getting it on. The good doctor immediately sussed what was really happening: Not only was Dora in love with Mr. K., she also wanted to give her father a blowjob and hop into the sack with Mrs. K. Not surprisingly, Dora thought this was a load of crap and abruptly quit seeing Freud after eleven weeks. She was still a mess when she died. Although an impressed reviewer of Crews' book declared the Freudian Revolution dead, that revolution is still reverberating throughout the educations of today’s sexologists. The Freudian (addictive) cycle It is worth noting that Freud’s own reward circuitry (in the brain) was apparently out of balance. He used cocaine for years, and publicly touted its supposed benefits, even claiming that it could cure addiction to morphine. He was fatally addicted to tobacco. He smoked 20 cigars a day, and did not quit even when he was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw. He was operated upon more than two dozen times before the disease finally killed him. Even when his entire jaw had been replaced, he continued to smoke all day, every day. Following a rare period of abstinence from tobacco, engaged in at the insistence of his physician, he wrote:4 "I have not smoked for seven weeks since the day of your injunction. At first I felt, as expected, outrageously bad. Cardiac symptoms accompanied by mild depression, as well as the horrible misery of abstinence. These wore off but left me completely incapable of working, a beaten man. After seven weeks I began smoking again...Since the first few cigars, I was able to work and was the master of my mood; before that life was unbearable." In short, we are still governing our sex lives based on the advice of an addict. This is significant, since sex is governed by the same reward circuitry as all addictions. It seems likely that many of Freud's sexual "insights" were unwittingly based on addict-think. Clearly, if the best answer lies in moderation and inner equilibrium, Freud could not have found it. For him, the way to treat the discomfort of withdrawal was indulgence, however deadly. Those of us who have grown up steeped in Freud's influence find it hard to conceive of a world where children and adults are taught the benefits of a middle path. Yet the pendulum may one day swing in the direction of an approach to sex that calls for no sexual repression based on threats of hell, but instead advises making love regularly - with a clear understanding of the benefits of self-control. Just think how good it will feel when we stop beating our heads against the Freudian wall.

Finding the Medical Causes of Severe Mental Symptoms: The Extraordinary Walker Exam "As a practicing psychiatrist and neurologist, I've successfully diagnosed and treated hundreds of patients whose emotional and behavioral symptoms were caused by tumors, infections, toxins, medication errors, genetic diseases, and other physical problems. Most of them came to me after being tagged with psychiatric labels - manic depression, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder - and being given powerful mind-altering drugs or referral for psychotherapy. By the time they called my office, many were desperate, some were suicidal, and few had been significantly helped." Sidney Walker III, A Dose of Sanity "I'm afraid Mrs. Williams is going to need to be placed in a facility," the doctor said in a call to nurse Barbary Massey of L.A. County's Genesis Program. "Her family can no longer take care of her. She has dementia." "How do you know she has dementia?" asked Nurse Massey. "Her memory is gone," came the reply. "And what else? What medical tests have you run? The phone was silent. The doctor had, in fact, done little testing. Nurse Massey rattled off a series of medical procedures she felt should be done before Mrs. Williams (not her real name) was consigned to the dustbin of "dementia." "I'll make a deal with you," said the physician. "I'll run these tests if you promise to help the family with placing her in a facility." The nurse agreed. Some months went by before Barbara Massey heard that doctor's voice again.. He called to tell her that Mrs. Williams had just left for a vacation in Las Vegas and was having the time of her life. Medical tests had shown she had extremely low thyroid function and a severe urinary tract infection. Once these were treated, the "dementia" vanished. "I'll never make that mistake again," the doctor said. It surprises most people to discover that physical ailments can and do cause severe mental problems. This is probably the most overlooked fact in the practices of psychiatry and psychology. A 1982 study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that of 215 consecutive patients admitted to a San Francisco hospital with mental problems, 41% had physical disorders that were misdiagnosed as psychiatric. A 1983 article in Schizophrenia Bulletin concluded that 83% of people diagnosed with schizophrenia have physical ailments instead. Many other studies support this. An October 1977 research article by Hall and Popkin in The Female Patient reported that 97 of 100 patients with pronounced visual hallucinations were discovered to have medical problems creating them. And the medical exams done on these patients were not particularly exhaustive in nature nor did they use in-depth biochemical analysis (blood, hair, urine) available today. This leads one to believe that, with more thorough examination, the percentages of misdiagnosis would have been even higher. Probably no American physician understood this phenomena of misdiagnosis better than Dr. Sydney Walker, a board certified neuropsychiatrist from Southern California. When Walker was doing his early medical training in the 1960’s, he went to the school library in search of a text on this subject. He couldn’t find it. Taking the matter to the head of the psychiatric residents, he asked, "Where is the book in the library on the medical causes of psychiatric symptoms?" "There isn’t one," came the reply. "Then I’ll write one," Walker retorted. Incredibly, his 1967 book Psychiatric Signs and Symptoms Due to Medical Problems was the first volume written on this subject in the United States. One other book was written by a European. Even though this phenomena accounts, by some studies, for nearly half the admissions into psychiatric hospitals. Perhaps more amazing is the fact that virtually no other books have been written on this subject since. (Exceptions include Walker’s 1996 A Dose of Sanity and the 1997 book Preventing Misdiagnosis of Women by Elizabeth Klonoff and Hope Landrine.) To fully understand Dr. Walker’s work, I went to watch him work in spring of 1999. I feel very fortunate. Dr. Walker passed away eight months later and it appears he did not turn over his practice to a successor. His great wealth of knowledge has left us. To ensure that his wonderful investigative technique is not lost forever, I am writing down here what I saw him do. Certainly his staff and others who worked with him could give a better description of his technique, but we have been unable to find any of them. Knowledge: The Key to Insanity’s Door Before discussing his exam, we have to consider the man sitting across from the patient. Dr. Walker’s primary tool was knowledge. Just browsing his now-rare Psychiatric Signs and Symptoms Due to Medical Problems gives one a peek at the remarkable collection of data this man had amassed. His life was devoted to the study of any and all physical abnormalities that effect behavior and mental function. Thus where most doctors might limit their search to checking for thyroid problems or brain tumors, Dr. Walker’s seasoned eye looked for liver ailments, kidney problems, metabolic conditions, viral infections, and countless other rare and not-so-rare disorders. Signs and symptoms were his guideposts. He closely studied everything about the patient and listened intently regarding the symptoms the patient presented, large and small. He made a point of keeping up with his studies. His recent books reflected a continuous research of medical literature and books. I remember calling his office to schedule a patient and being told a certain afternoon was "his library time." Along with his knowledge came a dogged attitude. Unlike most physicians in psychiatric hospitals who give a cursory exam, then declare the person schizophrenic or whatever, Dr. Walker KNEW the person was physically ill. He knew it from experience. And he made it his mission to find it. He looked with disdain on doctors who used psychiatric diagnoses – "labels," he called them – as though they were proven physical diseases. "They’re a bunch of frauds," he told me, "and I don’t subscribe to any of it." He called his work "neuronal reductivism." (I may be simplifying it but that was the main phrase he used.) After years of research, he concluded that an intact nervous system should function normally unless something is impacting it. His great asset was his grasp of all the ways in which neurons could be affected. The Exam The Interview: The exam began with a 1 to 2-hour interview. The patient he saw when I was there was a 26-year-old woman with a history of "manic depression." "There’s no magic in any of this," he told her, referring to the vague, unmeasurable "mental illness" ascribed to the young woman. "There are reasons why you feel the way you do, and we’re going to find them." He proceeded to ask her what her mental symptoms were. When did these start? Describe them in detail. Then he asked about her physical symptoms and went into depth on them. For example, if she said headache, he asked how severe, where, what time of day, did it happen after meals, etc. The combined collection of physical and mental phenomena gave him a general concept of what potential ailments she might have. (A limited number of disorders led to that particular combination of symptoms.) To narrow it further he had her go through a typical day, describing how she felt when she woke up, drank coffee, had breakfast, etc. A good sample of this extensive 24-hour day questionnaire is given in Dr. Walker’s book A Dose of Sanity, Chapter Seven (pp. 170-171 of the paperback). He asked further questions about her medical history, her track record of cold, flu, strep infections, and others. Now he had a lot of information to work with. He began to formulate hunches, though he kept them to himself. He began asking questions to verify or disprove his hunches. For example, her answers indicated a blood sugar problem (a critical problem since the brain runs on glucose). Dr. Walker asked if her wounds healed slowly. "Yes, my mother was commenting on that," came the reply. From her answers he began to suspect post-streptococcal sensitivity, a condition of unusual mental phenomena occurring after strep infection. He told her this. He said, "Now one particular symptom is almost a sure indicator of this. Did you have a lot of nosebleeds as a child?" "Yes," came the answer. The interview continued in this light, with Dr. Walker going down various avenues of questioning to support or disprove various hunches the symptoms led him to. The Physical Examination: The physical exam lasted 15-20 minutes. It became clear that Dr. Walker was a purist, doing everything by the book, taking no shortcuts. He tested sense of smell, poked here and there, brushed a feather on her skin, tested arms, eyes, feet, gait. He had blood pressure checked on both arms, which I had never seen in my three years of working in a hospital in my college days. In short it was a full exam of bodily systems, taking little for granted. As he inspected her fingernails, he offhandedly remarked to his assistant, "Chews fingernails. Lead candidate." I asked what this meant, and she said people who chew their fingernail commonly have lead in the blood (which can adversely affect behavior). They pick it up from their fingers. Sure enough, the woman was found to have a lead level in her blood. The EEG: The woman was hooked up with a portable EEG. Electrodes were glued to her head and she was instructed to keep notes of her activities, mood changes, etc. for the next 20 hours or so. She was then tested with the EEG under various stimuli such as strobe lights, etc. The Lab Tests: The morning after the exam she went to a lab for testing. Eight vials of blood were drawn and she did a 5-hour glucose tolerance test. Other blood was drawn in the afternoon. Urine was taken as well. Please Note: Some parts of the remainder of this report contain considerable "medicalese." Professionals will find it of interest as it shows the exact technical steps taken. Non-professionals can still decipher much of it and can learn from the level of in-depth effort that was taken. Dr. Walker’s findings on the patient appear after this lab test section. The following tests were done: Glucose, fasting Glucose Sodium Potassium Chloride BUN Creatinine BUN/Creatinine Uric acid Calcium Phosphorous Magnesium, Serum Total Protein Albumin Globulin A/G Ratio Bilirubin, Total Alk. Phos., Total GGTP AST (SGOT) ALT (SGPT) LDH Iron Cholesterol Triglycerides HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol Chol./HDL Risk Ratio T-4, Thyroxine T-3 Uptake T7 (Calculation) T-7 (Calc.) TSH, Serum TSH 5-hour Glucose Tolerance CBC w/ Diff. ESR – Westergren Mono Screen Febrile Agglutins Typhoid H Typhoid O Paratyphoid A Paratyphoid B Brucella Antibody Proteus OX-19 Streptococcal AB. QT Cortisol, A.M. Cortisol, P.M. Thyroglobulin AB Thyroid Peroxidase Lead, Blood Carboxyhemoglobin Urinalysis w/Microscopic After the lab work was completed, the patient returned to Dr. Walker’s office where the EEG apparatus was removed. She was told to return to his office a week later. Conclusions The woman met with Dr. Walker with an air of great anticipation. His main findings were as follows: She had hyperinsulism, that is, an abnormal drop in blood sugar, which can manifest itself in many ways, including anxiety, sleeping problems, and fatigue – all symptoms the woman was experiencing. A low morning cortisol level. Cortisol is an adrenal hormone, classified as a steroid. One effect of a low level is nausea, which was a frequent complaint of the woman. A later visit to an endocrinologist showed the cortisol drop was created by the hyperinsulinism in #1 above. Lead in the blood (as Dr. Walker predicted). Though in a "normal" blood range, Dr. Walker said lead shouldn’t be showing up at all. The woman’s father worked in an electroplating plant and may have brought home dust. The woman was instructed to not chew her nails and to wash her hands regularly. Carbon monoxide levels. Again, though in a "normal" blood range, Dr. Walker said the level likely dropped during the interval of her flying to California and could have been in a high range at home. He said she should have zero. He recommended having her furnace checked. Poor blood flow to the arms (thoracic outlet syndrome). Remedied by swimming. Note: Dr. Walker’s suspicion about strep sensitivity was off by a hair. The patient barely tested in the normal range for strep. And for those who may be interested, the price of the service, including lab and EEG, totaled about $1900.00. The following is the full medical report by Dr. Walker, giving all procedures done and areas examined. For futher information on details of the "Extraordinary Walker Exam," see his book A Dose of Sanity IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND REASON FOR THE STUDY This is a 26-year-old white right-handed female referred for an evaluation regarding her ongoing behavioral problems. PRESENT ILLNESS The patient states that she had no problems until approximately age 12. At that time she found herself unable to think straight, was indecisive, and felt like she was "on cloud nine." She also had episodic anxiety, dizziness, abdominal stress, and headaches. Over the course of the next 14 years the patient has been evaluated and treated with a variety of psychotropic drugs to include: Lithium, Depakote, and Paxil. She has had three psychiatric hospitalizations. The latest was in February of 1999, where she was maintained for approximately 3 weeks and discharged on Depakote and Paxil. At the present time, the patient's typical 24-hour day is described as going to bed between 10 PM and 11 PM. It takes her about 1 hour to fall asleep. She is a light, restless sleeper. There is no bruxism or sleep walking. There is occasional snoring and she is up 1 time at night for nocturia. She sleeps on a regular bed. Her bedroom is above the gas furnace in the basement. She is up at 7 AM or 8 AM and does not feel refreshed. She does not eat a breakfast but does have a cup of coffee with cream. This improves her sense of well being. Her morning hours are spent doing housework and generally being bored. She has an hour nap and awakens feeling fatigued. She does watch television occasionally. She eats lunch at noon which consists of a tuna sandwich or a salad with juice. She does not eat desert. She feels somewhat improved after this lunch. Afternoons are spent with approximately 1 hour of exercise walking the dog. She does not snack or nap. She continues to do some additional domestic chores prior to her mother coming home at 4:30 PM. Supper is at 5 PM or 6 PM of spaghetti, salad, a hamburger, bread and water. She feels fatigued after this supper. The evenings are spent socializing on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at church. Other nights she socializes with her family. The patient denies any recent weight loss or gain. There is no history of postprandial sweating. She is aware of generalized itching, burning urination and slow wound healing. She has had urinary tract and vaginal infections in the past. A grandmother and great aunt had adult onset diabetes. A grandfather and great uncle had alcohol sensitivity. The patient is aware of a low tolerance to alcohol. She denies any episodes of loss of consciousness or head trauma. There is no micropsia or macropsia. She has had episodes of generalized body tremors that lasted 20 to 3O seconds. She related these to her anxiety, panic attacks. She has had no previous EEGs or contrast studies. The headaches have been around for a number of years but she is unsure of when they started. Her last headache was yesterday in the afternoon which was a dull discomfort over the right frontal region usually associated with some dizziness and occasionally nausea. Her headaches are worse with the use of aspirin. They can be precipitated with not eating and questionably improved with eating. These headaches occur approximately 2 times a week. The patient is also aware of a consistent headache during her premenstrual period which is relieved following the onset of menses. She is presently premenstrual. The dizziness is described as recent with changing positions from lying to sitting and lasts about 10 to 15 seconds but is not associated with vomiting or nausea. Developmental History The patient was a product of a normal 9-month gestation during which time mother gained 25 to 30 pounds. She was under a doctor's care and had no preclampsia, high blood pressure, protein in her urine, no tobacco, alcohol or medications during her pregnancy. The labor was spontaneous and lasted 7 to 8 hours. Her birth weight was 8 pounds 5 ounces. The patient presented head first, moved all extremities and cried spontaneously. The patient was bottle fed and had colic. She sat at 6 months, stood at 10 months, walked at 12 months, unsure of when she declared her right-handedness, toilet trained at 18 months. She did not practice pica. She did not have a pre-school experience and kindergarten was poor. She had some difficulty in grade school with the label of slow. She graduated from high school and took 1 year of nurse assistant training. She has worked in that field since that time. She is presently unemployed because of her illness. Inoculation History DPT X 3, Polio X 3, measles and mumps inoculations. No high temperatures or frank febrile convulsions. Negative tine test. Past Medical History The patient had chicken pox, no rheumatic fever or scarlet fever. She did have repeated strep infections, however. She did have one recent hospitalization for pneumonia and psychiatric problems. The pneumonia was considered viral. She was told she has a cardiac arrhythmia. There is no kidney disease, liver disease, tuberculosis, gout, arthritis, or venereal disease. She is unsure about sugar in her urine. There is no high blood pressure and she is allergic to milk. Family History Details about the father is unknown. Mother is 42 years old, right-handed and has been in a psychiatric hospital since the delivery of the patient followed by a postpartum depression. There is no history of heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, bone or joint disease. A great- grandfather had tuberculosis. A grandfather was hospitalized for mental illness since 1959. A grandmother has carcinoma of the cervix and breast cancer. Social History The patient lives in a house with her step-mother and father. There is a gas heater down in the basement. She has a dog in good health. She does not use tobacco or alcohol now. She discontinued the use of tobacco 2 years ago. Her habit was ½ to 1 pack of cigarettes a day which she did for 2 years. Her hobbies are reading. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS Head: There is a history of headaches. There is no history of loss of consciousness, head trauma or seizures. Eyes: The patient has worn glasses for 14 years. It has been 6 months since last refraction. There is no double or blurred vision, or field cuts. Patient does see rings around lights. The patient's color vision appears normal. There is history of eye infections and photophobia, but no history of eye trauma. Ears: There is no history of infections. There is evidence of deafness and hypersensitivity to sounds. There is no ringing or diplacusis, but she does have episodes of dizziness. Patient does experience motion sickness and gets car sick. Nose: The patient has no difficulty breathing or smelling. There is no history of infections, discharge, or trauma. There is history of nose bleeds. Mouth: The patient has her own teeth. There is no chewing difficulty, mouth soreness, tongue biting, jaw clicking or trauma. There are silver/mercury tooth fillings. Neck: There is no limitation of movement, pain or swallowing difficulties. No hoarseness or fullness. Chest: There is no history of chronic cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, pneumonia, or asthma. There is possible hyperventilation. Heart: There is no history of cyanosis, ankle swelling,' exertional dyspnea or fainting. Patient does experience chest pain and does have evidence of tachycardia. When sleeping, the patient uses 3 pillows. Abdomen: There is no diarrhea or vomiting. There is some nausea and constipation. No black or bloody stools, excessive belching or flatus. Patient does have recurrent abdominal pain. GU: There is history of urinary tract infections and vaginal infections. No hematuria, pyuria, or dysuria. There is nocturia and frequency. Menarche was reached at age 13. Menstrual cycles of 28 days. Gravida 0, para 0, AB O. Last menstrual cycle was March 15, 1999. Extremities: There is no limitation of movement or cramping. There is no weakness, discoloration, or swelling. There is evidence of uncontrolled movements with panic attacks. Skin: The patient is not able to tan; she burns. There is itching and slow wound healing. There is no evidence of abnormal hair growth. Endocrine-Metabolic: There is no heat or cold intolerance, no salt or sugar craving. There has been no recent weight loss or gain. The patient does not experience postprandial sweating but does have excessive thirst. There is a specific food preference for spaghetti. Toxic: Patient experiences metallic taste but no exposure to insecticides and has no adverse reaction to drugs. GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION The patient appeared as a well-hydrated, well-nourished white female in no acute distress. Her height was 164 cm. Her weight was 197 lbs. Vital Signs: Blood pressure on the right was 132/76; blood pressure on the left was 114/70. Pulse was 63, and temperature was 98.4 degrees. Head: Normocephalic. No evidence of exostosis, tenderness or bruits. Eyes: Sclerae, conjunctivae and cornea were clear. There was no inflammation or discharge. Eyelids were of normal texture and station and eyebrows were of normal distribution. There is a mild proptosis of the eyes bilaterally. Ears: External configuration was normal; external canals with cerumen bilaterally. Tympanic membranes were glistening bilaterally. No adenopothy or discharge. Nose: Both nostrils were patent. There was no sepal deviation, polyps, or discharge. Mouth: Teeth were in good repair, no gingival ulceration, or inflammation. Tongue was of scalloped texture and posterior pharynx was clear. There are multiple silver/mercury amalgams in the upper and lower jaw. Neck: Supple. Trachea was in the midline. Carotids were palpable bilaterally at 1+, greater on the left than on the right. No thrills or bruits were noted and no masses were felt. Chest: Symmetrical. There was normal female breast tissue without dimpling masses or discharge, and no axillary adenopothy. Patient has not had a mammogram. Lungs: Clear to auscultation and percussion. No rales or rhochi were noted. Heart: PMI was diffuse. No heaves or thrills were noted and no murmurs were heard. Abdomen: Slightly obese, non-tender and non-rigid. No rebound or masses were felt. Rectal: Deferred. GU: There was no CVA tenderness. Pelvic was deferred, patient had a PAP smear within the last 6 months. Extremities: There was no limitation of movement, straight leg raising to 90 degrees. Addson maneuver was positive bilaterally. Point tenderness from the posterior neck at C2 and T5 was sensitive without radiation. Skin: Warm, clear, and moist. Evidence of nail-biting bilaterally, spoon nails bilaterally, transverse ridging in the nails bilaterally, and an acne form eruption over the face and back. There was no excoriation, slow wound healing, or abnormal hair growth. NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION MENTAL STATUS - General Appearance and Behavior The patient arrived on time for her appointment; she was neatly dressed and carefully groomed. She participated actively and earnestly in the review of information. She was oriented to the time, place, and person. Memory She denies any memory difficulty. Memory was intact to remote, intermediate and recent material. Speech The patient spoke in well-modulated tones with some difficulty pronouncing her S's. She performed the lingual and labial sounds adequately. Mood The patient is prone to being sad and feeling hopeless and weeps uncontrollably. The patient does have sleeping difficulty. She has considered suicide, however, there is no history of gestures. Thought Content The patient is preoccupied with herself and her symptoms. There are no hallucinations: visual, auditory or olfactory. Intelligence The patient is a high school graduate who has had one year of nursing assistant school. She was concrete on all 4 proverbs tested. Judgment The patient answered a hypothetical question appropriately and appears to be exercising normal adult judgment. CRANIAL NERVES - I. Olfactory Patient was intact to smell of cloves. II. Optic Visual acuity: O.D. 20/200. O.S. 20/200. No extinction to bimanual visual stimuli. No field cuts to confrontation. Funduscopic examination revealed optic pallor greater on O.D. than O.S., sharp margins and generous cupping bilaterally. The arteriovenous ratio was 1-6. Maculae were normal. No evidence of exudates or hemorrhages. III. Oculomotor, IV. Trochlear and V. Abducens Pupils: O.D. 6 mm. O.S. 6 mm. They reacted poorly to light directly and consensual. Reaction to near vision was good. Medius rectus and mild proptosis. No nystagmus. Extraocular muscles were full. VI. Trigeminal Corneals were suppressed bilaterally (she has worn contact lenses). Perception to sharp stick was intact in all three divisions bilaterally. Jaw Jerk was fine. Masseters and pterygoids showed good strength bilaterally. VII. Facial Nerves No weakness, atrophy, fasciculation or asymmetry. Chevostick was negative. VIII. Acoustic The patient heard a watch ticking at 5 cm. on the right and 5 cm. on the left. Weber was to the midline. Rene showed air conduction greater than bone conduction bilaterally. IX. Accessory Nerve Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius showed good strength right and left. X. Hypoglossal Nerve Tongue protruded and was scalloped. There was no evidence of weakness, tremor fasciculation. REFLEXES - Pectoralis, biceps, triceps, brachioradialis and finger flexion were 0-1+ and symmetrical. Abductors, patella, suprapatellar and Achilles were 0-1+ and symmetrical. Upper Motor Neuron There was evidence of Oppenheim, Gordon, Chaddock, and Babinski and no Hoffman. Cortical Reflexes There was no snout, grasp, suck or palmomental. There was no extinction to bimanual tactile stimuli, no perseveration. Superficial Reflexes Abdominals were absent bilaterally. Sensory Sharp to pin prick, sensitive to light touch. Intact to position and vibration. No stereognosis. Evidence of graphesthesia on the left. Cerebellar Finger to nose, heel to shin, rapid alternating movements, check reflex, tandem gait and augmented tandem gait were performed well. Augmented Romberg was negative. Lingual and labial sounds were performed well. ExtraDvramidal No gabellar and cogwheeling. The patient showed normal pendular movements with reflex stimulation of lower extremities and normal accessory movements with walking. Motor There was no atrophy, fasciculation or weakness, proximally or distally, right or left. There was no drifting of outstretched arms. Gait The patient's gait was normal. ASSOCIATED NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC DATA The EEG was non-focal; dysrhythmic, with alteration of the wave forms during the three-minute hyperventilation and five-hour glucose tolerance test. ASSOCIATED BIOCHEMICAL DATA Reveals five-hour glucose tolerance test with a 2½- hour low of 57 and a 3 hour low of 61. Serum lead level of 1.0, level of carbon monoxide 0.7, and AM cortisol of 5.0; the normal is 6.2 to 29. The PM cortisol is 3.4; the normal is 3.0 to 17.3. Borderline antistreptolycin titer of 197; it should be less than 200 to be significant. A proteus OX19 with a titer of 20, it should be 1 to 20; this is borderline. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: This now 26-year-old female has a 14-year history of behavioral difficulties, treated with a variety of psychotropic drugs and anticonvulsant medications. The patient has had an ongoing sleep problem, bites her nails, is aware of hyperventilation, and has a poor eating habit. General Physical Examination Reveals a positive Addson maneuver, neoform rash, and transverse ridging of the nail beds with nail biting. Neurological Examination Reveals a concrete response on all proverbs tested. Fractory there bilaterally at 20/200. Absent corneal reflexes, absent abdominal reflexes, graphesthesia on the left. Associated Biochemical Data Reveals a 2 ½ - 3-hour low in the five-hour glucose tolerance test. A borderline antistreptolycin titer. Equivocal prodious OXA titer. Evidence of lead and carbon monoxide. The EEG was non-focal, but abnormal consistent with a toxic metabolic post-infectious basis. IMPRESSION 1. Cortical lability, moderate. 2. Hyperinsulinism, probably influencing #1. 3. Hyperventilation syndrome episodic, probably influencing #1. 4. Lead acute and chronic exposure, probably influencing #1. 5. Carbon monoxide exposure acute and chronic, probably influencing #1. 6. Possible adrenaline insufficiency, probably influencing #1 and #2. 7. Thoracic outlet syndrome. RECOMMENDATION 1. Identify and eliminate sources of lead and carbon monoxide. 2. Stabilize metabolic parameters by avoidance of refined carbohydrates. 3. Consultation with a endocrinologist for the characterization of steroid metabolism. 4. Physical therapy for the thoracic outlet syndrome. 5. Re-breathe into a brown paper bag for episodes of hyperventilation. 6. Evaluation of abnormal parameters in 3 to 6 months. SYDNEY WALKER, III, M.D.

Here's the sort of thing psychiatrists may miss if they follow the label, drug and talk therapy model without conducting a deductive differential diagnosis: "It has been estimated that more than one third of people suffering from depression are hypothyroid. Some are in hospital. They receive, over long periods, antidepressants of one sort or another when actually the problem is deficiency of thyroid hormones. It is simply that no one thought of thyroid deficiency as a cause when their illness began; or the simplistic tests failed to reveal it." http://www.tpa-uk.org.uk/depression_explored.php

SSRI drugs may reduce serotonin receptors in humans as they're known to do in rats. But the main failure of psychiatry in its current incarnation is the complete failure to physically examine the patient and either deduce what is causing a patient's symptoms at the physical level, or rule out the possibility of phycisal causes.

Me too... I remember thing SWIII must have made enemies by writing it, because he makes the case quite convincingly that DSM psychiatry has not only failed thousands of patients with mental health symptoms, but subverted the practise of law aswell. I would like to have seen him give more interviews on the subject, but he was dead the year after the book came out. Could you explain what you mean by "standards for diagnosis"?

You can see a partial preview of A Dose of Sanity here: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1H_jx9XO4dcC&pg=PP1&dq=a+dose+of+sanity&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Quite a substantial part of the book is available from this link.

Meaning no offense, I couldn't agree with you less. Psychiatrists are trained not to look for the biological roots of depression, but to stick a silly DSM label on patients instead. Psychotropic drugs only mask the symptoms. If you average their pharmaceutical trials, they are not clinically significant above placebo (Kirsch).

"A Dose of Sanity" - Sydney Walker "If you knew your history, then you would know where you're coming from"