swansont

To what are you referring?

The horizon is red (east at sunrise) for the same reason that the overhead is blue - Rayliegh scattering of the light, which is frequency-dependent. Blue scatters more.

No. You may be thinking of hydrogen masers, which use a microwave transition in the hydrogen. These are very good clocks in the short term, but they drift. The most precise clocks in the longer term are atomic fountain clocks.

No, nothing radioactive involved. The second is defined in terms of the hyperfine transition of the ground state, so you have to shine microwaves on them to get them to oscillate (9 192 631 770 Hz for an unperturbed atom)

That's one way, as has been explained. Accelerating charges is another (that's how e.g. radio waves are produced with an antenna, or x-rays by slamming electrons into a metal plate and rapidly stopping them). You also get photons by particle/antiparticle annihilation (mass converted to energy)

Actually the bulge of the earth and the corresponding reduction in the gravitational redshift is compensated by the time dilation due to the rotation speed. Clocks on the geoid all tick at the same rate.

That's a classical equation, and doesn't apply to photons. A photon's "kinetic" energy is [math]h\nu[/math]

Read this

This is worded a tad awkwardly, since the electromagnetic force and nuclear forces are distinct forces under the circumstances under which we are discussing. (The weak nuclear force does unify with the electromagneic force to become the electroweak force, but this happens at thermal energies above 100 GeV. The strong nuclear force has not yet been unified)

Yes, there will be a range, but for the same mass, the average speed will be the same. Temperature is related directly to kinetic energy.

No, these temperatures were achieved in Bose-Einstein condensation experiments, which use laser cooling in a magneto-optic trap or optical molasses, followed by evaporative cooling in a magnetic trap. No cryogenics.

Post 18

I thought Time was a magazine...

It must be due to a potential difference, as JaKiri said. But there will always be random thermal motion of electrons, so simply having an electron moving is not sufficient to call it current. A single electron represents a really, really small amount of current. A Coulomb is 1.6 x 1019 charges, and an Amp is 1 Coulomb/second. So even a nanoamp requires the flow of more than ten billion electrons past any given point. Add to this the fact that one electron in motion means that you would only have current near the electron, and not in other parts of the circuit. So it may be true for a small region of conductor that one electron moving due to a potential difference is current, but I'd say it's not generally true.

Difficult, but not impossible. I know someone (not the sharpest knife in the drawer) who recently managed to do it. Filled the tank with the diesel, got home OK because the gas is denser and stayed at the bottom of the tank and was enough for the trip, but couldn't start up the next day. Had to take the day off to get the car towed and the tank drained.

Constant c falls out of Maxwell's equations. Special relativity follows from constant c. Do the math. There is no ether. Yes, it's strange. Get over it already.

You have to enjoy it. Or have the discipline to see it through in case you don't.

Not in a million years. Well, 60 or so million.

It's the Spring of 1957 and Bobby goes to pick up his date. He's a pretty hip guy with his own car. When he goes to the front door, the girl's father answers and invites him in. "Carrie's not ready yet, so why don't you have a seat?" he asks. "That's cool," says Bobby. Carrie's father asks Bobby what they're planning to do. Bobby replies politely that they will probably just go to the soda shop or a movie. Carrie's father responds, "Why don't you two go out and screw? I hear all the kids are doing it." Naturally, this comes as a quite a surprise to Bobby, so he asks Carrie's Dad to repeat it. "Yeah," says Carrie's father, "Carrie really likes to screw, she'll screw all night if we let her!" Well, this just made Bobby's eyes light up, and immediately revised his plans for the evening. A few minutes later, Carrie comes downstairs in her little poodle skirt and announces that she's ready to go. Almost breathless with anticipation, Bobby escorts his date out the front door. About 20 minutes later, a thoroughly disheveled Carrie rushes back into the house, slams the door behind her, and screams at her father: 'Dammit, Daddy! "The Twist!!" It's called "The Twist!!!"'

To the creationist, every new fossil just means there are two new gaps to fill. "Reptile -> bird" filled by archie just demands that you come up with a new transitional. But you're letting them set the rules if the argument becomes "you can't show it wasn't created" and you haven't defined what a transitional fossil is - chances are they will say it's a "half-formed" specimen - something that couldn't possibly have existed. Something with half a lung, or half a wing. A self-fulfilling prediction: if the creatre couldn't possibly exist, transitions are impossible. (BTW- The whale lineage is a much better example to use as an example. More steps present.) Science is inductive. Let the creationist make some predictions, and see how well that turns out. Why is there a pattern to the strata in which we find the fossils? Chances are you'll get "geological sorting" (which would be an even worse violation of the second law of thermodynamics than evolution could possibly be, which it isn't) It's a strawman argument to say that the platypus isn't transitional, because it's an extant species - there's no "after" to which it could transition. The bottom line is that creationists aren't playing by the rules of science and logical debate. The arguments are based on a misunderstanding of how science works (proof vs. evidence) and are chock full of logical fallacies. Point those fallacies out, and make them do some science.

There's also Astrometry, which is the measurement of the positions of stars (and everything else) and is important for navigation.

Look here

IIRC They've also done this in room-temperature vapor using electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) to make the linewidth really narrow, so there's a really big dispersion right near the resonance.