swansont

There are 23 member states. France, Germany, Italy, and the UK combine for more than half of the contributions. Germany contributes the most (just over 20%) so that’s a few hundred million euros. But they spend more than 30 billion on R&D (public sector funding) https://www.research-in-germany.org/en/research-landscape/why-germany/research-funding-system.html CERN gets a disproportionate amount of attention

Higher “exposure” to gravity? How much is gravity going to affect light in deep space? How does “time of exposure” factor in?

We do. CEERS-93316 has a proper distance of more than 34 billion LY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEERS-93316 HD1 is more that 33 billion LY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD1_(galaxy) Criticism must be accompanied by evidence. Not appeal to personal incredulity.

The visible universe is the universe we can see.

The diameter of the visible universe is ~93 billion LY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe

But most galaxies are more distant than that. A galaxy 14 billion LY distant only contributes 1/4 of this. A galaxy 21 billion LY away contributes 1/9.

So you can’t say that there is some value per unit area (or volume) since that varies with distance.

What articles? If you don’t share this information, how are we to evaluate the source?

Net zero kinetic energy? If they each have KE, the system has KE. Since it was measured by humans, it seems a given that it was from our reference frame.

No, the mass of the sun would only include dark matter in the vicinity of the sun. It’s based on the orbits of the planets. It would not include dark matter in other areas. You don’t appear to be accounting for the 1/r^2 nature of the light intensity. The amount of light far away from a source is smaller than near the source. IOW, stars and galaxies are fairly dim compared to e.g. the sun.

Most is electromagnetic, but some wireless technology uses sound waves.

How is it that you are claiming that “the LHC consumed lots of money” and you apparently don’t know how much was spent?

What I believe doesn’t matter. What you believe doesn’t matter. What matters is what you can support with evidence. This being a science discussion site. So, I will ask again: Is there something of substance you wish to discuss, or are you just shilling for the book?

Is it? Show your work. It doesn’t, because photons are massless. They do have energy, though. Conservation of energy trivially tells you this. Again, show your work.

Is there something of substance you wish to discuss, or are you just shilling for the book?

What’s ambiguous about “30% of the speed of light”?

Yep. Misplaced the reaction under discussion..

A neutron decaying into a proton does not produce a photon; you get the neutron, proton, positron electron and neutrino antineutrino. Fusion reactions, though, can involve excited nuclei and nuclear de-excitations can produce photons. Also particle-antiparticle annihilations, as well as acceleration of charged particles, in addition to the electron (atomic) transition.

koti has been banned since his return only showed that his desire was to post in bad faith and stir the pot.

! Moderator Note Your previous discussion on causality was shut down for lack of evidence. All you've done here is re-state the hypothesis. Under the guise of discussing the aether.

Was efficiency the goal? Availability was probably the goal. But since efficiency affects profit, I'm sure some effort was made on nuclear plant efficiency. Solar cells are much more efficient than the ones we had in the past. Wind turbine systems are probably more efficient as well. Some research projects are small, others are big. It depends on the research. I've been on papers with 30 names on the paper, and others with 4 or 5. LHC and other accelerator collaborations are large out of necessity, since there are a lot of "moving parts" to those efforts.

How would one confirm that correlation, since it would take so long to know the details of the distant particle's state? And it may not be possible, if that other particle is far enough away and can no longer be observed owing to the expansion of space.

! Moderator Note We're a science site. If you are going to invoke telepathy you need to go elsewhere for discussion.

This isn’t what relativity says. If this alien is 100 LY away, they see Bob as he was 100 years ago, because it takes 100 years for the light to get to the alien. Relative motion will mean they will disagree on how much time has elapsed, but under no circumstances does relativity say that the past can be changed.

That’s all? The sun emits almost 400 yottawatts (which comes after zetta, which comes after exa, which comes after peta) And the sun is very close, since the emitted power per unit area drops off with the square of the distance. If you posted it here, we could read more about it.