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As for biological chemistry, ethanol fermentation occurs when yeast digests sugar, and in an oxygen poor environment, is forced to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products of the yeast's anaerobic reactions. It's similar to human biology that produces lactic acid as a by-product of its anaerobic reactions. (Heaven help us if there's space aliens out there who get drunk on lactic acid, but it would make interesting science fiction!)

So, I recently interviewed at a food & water microbiology lab, and the interviewer said several things to which I could not get an answer from him. I have a few years of biochem experience, but not micro. b]GLP[/b]. He said he ran his lab under GLP, yet he never deals with the FDA. Wouldn't he? FDA. The lab tests food for producers, restaurants etc by testing products, stability samples etc, and yet he claims he never deals with the FDA. Wouldn't he? AA. He never explained what his AA spec tests for. I'm guessing it's for heavy metals in water, right? PCR. He insinuated that PCR was used to grow bacteria, yet when I mentioned PCR for DNA amplification, he simply didn't respond. Lab. We interviewed in a conference room off a lab-type room that connected to the main foyer by a door. When I was leaving the lab-type room, a tech was there who hadn't been there when I entered. He was accessioning samples, and when I asked him if he wanted the door (which was already open) closed, the tech said no. Should it have been closed and remained closed.

It depends on it's use and oversight. What is it's intended use, and what agency will oversee its use?

I forgot my favorite business rant — passion. Whatever product or service you decide on, you should have a passion for it, otherwise your lack of passion will probably limit your success, and you will be dissatisfied. The passion of chemistry will only help so much. The passion of entrepreneurship will only help so much. The passion for the product or service should also be there. If you decide to throw some chemicals together to develop a new perfume, but you don’t care about perfume, it will limit your success. If you decide to test well water for health factors, but you don’t care about people’s health, it will limit your success. I think this is true for employees and business owners. If there’s no passion, an employee will say, “Eh, it’s just a job, it helps pay the bills”, and probably won't get a promotion or a raise. If it’s a sole proprietorship, the owner may never understand why the business never blossomed. If it’s a company, the CEO can blame the employees, but they’re just reflecting the attitude that the CEO displays. One of the easiest ways to understand what your passions point to, is to ask yourself what’s wrong with the world — what makes you angry when you hear about it (from others or on the radio) or see it (in person or on TV). Make a list, and prioritize it. Start at the top. If it’s not a chemistry problem (which would probably need a chemistry solution), could there be a chemistry solution to it anyway. For example, this morning I listened to a news show about the need to reduce the spread of AIDS, and the advent of a quick and accurate at-home saliva test for HIV. This would be far-fetched for you to do, but it serves my purpose here — a chemistry solution to a non-chemistry problem.

I was thinking of processing mined materials. And a good prospectus could result in a microloan. Bhopal was on par with Chernobyl and much worse than 9-11. If I lived in Pakistan, I'd exercise caution about big, western companies and their seemingly devil-may-care attitude in developing countries. I googled pakistan shortage and found everything from drugs, to water, to lint, to wetblue. Now there's something to confound westerners — a shortage of lint (short 3 million bales of lint)! Chem Akram, I think you are the one who can best understand in what niche market you can find success. I could sit here in America and think up all sorts of ideas all day long. There's all sorts of factors that you would know best because you are in Pakistan. Your business might sell to companies or to consumers, domestically or internationally. You know what Pakistanis like and don't like. For example, the Pakistani public may not like western chemicals. I have in front of me a (full, never opened) one quart antique all-natural germicide bottle containing 85% alcohol, a 10% mixture of vegetable oils containing bactericidal properties, and 5% inert materials. This product was made for decades, so I guess it was effective. You can find an appropriate niche market and then come back and we'll give you our opinions of it. In my searches, I've read how its tough getting some chemicals into Pakistan. This has its pros and cons. It might hinder you from operating a particular process, or it might lead to a great idea on making a restricted chemical domestically. Another point to consider is to apply chemistry in ways or in industries where it is not used now. For example, for all that Louis Pasteur did for medicine, he was not "Doctor" Pasteur, but a chemist. Same thing with Alexander Graham Bell — he didn't invent the telephone — Bell and Watson invented it! Bell knew about the production of speech and the transmission of sound through the air. He had ideas about how the mechanics of a telephone might work, but Watson was the technical wizard who was instrumental (pun not intended) in producing the device that converted sounds into electrical signals and then back into sounds again. Some advice: Ignore people who say you can't do it (yes, including close relatives). You can imitate what someone else is doing, or you can be a pioneer and come up with something new. You can sell to businesses or sell to the public/consumers. Consider all sorts of products/services; learn all about running businesses. Whatever you decide, know everything about what you're getting yourself into. Get more financial backing. Tell them all you know, and the responsibility of investing is theirs.

I'd say women take more personally comments about attractiveness, and men take more personally comments about performance. I think this is because these are critical factors in reproductive appeal. So, if someone says: "Hey Chris, I hope you didn't pay a lot for those shoes!", Chris will probably accept this barb a lot easier if Chris is a man than if Chris is a woman. Generally, I'd say that males engage more in repartee, especially personal comments/insults, and they don't/shouldn't take it seriously. And, I've heard all sorts of ribbing between guys that's really funny, but would seem to have no humorous value on women.

I don't know about Pakistan, but maybe there's a stigma toward big/western companies (eg, Union Carbide) and a small and locally-owned/operated company is more trusted. I don't see being able to make laboratory-grade chemicals. Even the cost of producing a CoA seems prohibitive. You could have farmers competing against one another for synthetic fertilizer. What about perfumes? What about bottled water? Can microbes be zapped with electricity? Is there a need for the ? You could distribute them, but it's not chemistry. What minerals are mined in Pakistan?

I had initially thought of chemicals for use in labs, but my searches quickly led me to other, more important applications. Now that I think of it, laboratory-grade chemicals (such as CFRP) is a difficult order to fill. I agree with John Cuthber — what do the Pakistani people need? I first googled pakistan chemical shortage and found the following article. This article on pesticide shortages mentions the need for local production. Although from 2004, this topic might have relevance today, and the shortages of these kinds of agro-chemicals might be worse than before. I then thought of the possibility of making natural pesticides (to avoid dangers to you, its users and the environment), so I googled natural pesticide pakistan, and quickly found this article from 2008 again on Pakistan's cotton industry being devastated by pests. This video may be helpful, and you could contact this expert directly (a.sahibzada@hotmail.com). Agro-chemicals satisfy a fundamental need to grow all sorts of crops. These articles focus on cotton production for the textiles industry, but other fundamental concerns are pesticides for food crops and the class of pesticides such as mosquito repellents. There may also be a need for fertilizers in Pakistan. Consider that starvations chronically occur in North Korea due to serious underproduction of fertilizer.

Sorry, I was thinking a program control decision such as IF X>0 THEN GOTO LINE 1500. The conditional jump is a critical software function.

The term transmutation was first consciously applied to modern physics by Frederick Soddy when he, along with Ernest Rutherford, discovered that radioactive thorium was converting itself into radium in 1901. At the moment of realization, Soddy later recalled, he shouted out: "Rutherford, this is transmutation!" Rutherford snapped back, "For Christ's sake, Soddy, don't call it transmutation. They'll have our heads off as alchemists. As for changing gold into iron

Let me add to my previous post. If an IF/THEN statement results in a quantity, then it might be constructed from the basic logic gates. I do it all the time in Excel. For example, IF B7 > 10 THEN C7 = B7–10 ELSE C7 = B7. To perform this, use: C7 = B7–10*INT(SIGN(B7-10)+1)/2) If all those functions can be constructed from the basic logic gates, then this IF/THEN statement can also.

#1 BRAIN — mental illnesses, headaches, stress, tension, fatigue (regular fatigue, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, etc), "making mistakes", etc. It's probably what REALLY distinguishes us from the animals.

Thank you everyone for your graciousness toward, and comments on, my explanation of the background of women's rights to vote. Thant said, I actually try to make sense of everything to see if we are "perceiving the same thing differently" (ie, the Blind Men and the Elephant parable). So, Nutjob and valley girl aside (or maybe not), I see a couple things ... 1. We know when women won suffrage. Let us not forget past prohibitions against (certain) men: poll tax (against poor men), grandfathering (against immigrant men), landowners (against unlanded/peasant men), race (against non-Caucasian men), etc. The result today in America is that all adults (≥18yo) have the right to vote. However, for example, the City of Cambridge MA recently had ballot questions on whether to extend suffrage to 17yo's (giving them ½ votes) and 16yo's (giving them ¼ votes) — it was rejected (and, I can honestly say, thank goodness). Even if Nutjob is correct, revoking women's right to vote would be like trying to get the toothpaste back in the tube — virtually impossible, if not absolutely impossible. Not the faintest rationale exists to deny suffrage to women. (Compare with the temporary lowering of the drinking age due to the Vietnam War.) 2. No doubt, history probably includes periods in which self-fulfilling prophecies of sorts tended to deny suffrage to certain demographic sectors, and I would say it was based on mental capacity/maturity/wisdom (which is why minors still cannot vote). If a society/culture does not require, or frowns upon, or outright prohibits a demographic sector from obtaining any formal education, then yeah, it could be reckless/foolhardy to extend suffrage to them. This demographic sector might be based on age (as it is now), gender (as it was with women), class (as it was with peasants), nationality (as it was with immigrants) etc. If Nutjob harkens back to a more idyllic time when women were only good for the 4-C's (cooking, cleaning, child-raising and copulation — not necessarily in that order), then yeah, letting them vote might prove a disaster. Keep in mind that, even today, women in the the somewhat modern country of Saudi Arabia must submit to some form of male guardianship, and they can't even drive a car, let alone vote. 3. In certain situations, a person views as an injustice that a certain demographic sector has a particular right because the person feels in competition with that sector. Perhaps Nutjob somehow feels in competition with women with the right to vote. Another more common example is that undereducated or otherwise economically disadvantaged citizens might feel in competition with more educated immigrants or even immigrants in general. They are the ones who complain that immigrants are taking their jobs away. Mot likely, people such as Warren Buffett and Bill Gates (and probably most of us) don't give two hoots on America's current immigration policies. However, I for one, would like to see immigration quotas drop in hard economic times.

Yes, because it produces a decision, not a quantity. The same could be said (that is, cannot be constructed from logic gates) for other program control statements (GOTO, STOP, HALT, END etc), or for that matter, other non-quantity-producing statements, such as interface statements (INPUT, PRINT, STORE, SOUND etc).

Hmm.... and I thought my post would be ignored. First, then FOX can find a valley girl. Second, I live in the most liberal state in the union, so you're probably right about my ignorance elsewhere. Has any state overturned Roe v Wade? Third, please note that I said "in the extreme" (emphasis original). Sorry, I wrote "[real] men". If I wrote real men (without quotes), then I think you'd have an argument. I actually tried to find a plain graph showing the rural/urban mix in America. Please note that I said "in the extreme" (emphasis original). I never mentioned a conspiracy and I never intended for one to be understood. I clearly stated that the [well-intentioned] Industrial Revolution caused the demise of "[real] men]". I think your rhetoric is what is called "hyperbole". No worries. No offense taken. I know what I sound like. More hyperbole. No, I'm not the type to take someone's wife (see, I have a sense of humor) and, well, as I said: "women dedicated to keeping their original husbands are, likewise a vanishing breed, and rare gems indeed." ... and, no doubt, you treasure her. (PS — Unless she's paying premiums to Lloyd's of London for your conjugal bliss, the word is "ensure" ... but, who knows, maybe she does. ) Anyone remember that I said: Who has custody of your children for much of their waking hours? Government-run schools. Anyway, what I was saying was that the Industrial Revolution drew fathers away from their families, which brought about an increase in the importance/power of mothers/women in the home. Roughly 100 years ago, there were several female-oriented beginnings, suffrage being only one of them. Margaret Sanger invented the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and founded what would become Planned Parenthood. There was also women stepping out and making their concerns heard (or felt) in women's temperance movements because they were sick and tired of women being abused by drunken men. The phrase "The customer is always right" was popularized specifically to encourage/empower women shoppers/consumers. At the same time, "modern civilization" was taking fathers (and mothers too) away from their families. Life's leisurely pace continued to speed up. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. Commuting to work by streetcars, autos, rapid transit, etc and taking parents farther away from their children than ever before.

This is a "straw man" argument. The same could be done by putting a "valley girl" (do they still exist?) on YouTube talking all sorts of stupid about how women should have the right to vote. The reality is, the beginning of the end for "[real] men" came when the Industrial Revolution struck (~1800), and factory work lured men off farms and away from their wives and families (and land ownership), leaving the women in charge. It took about 100 years for the crossover to occur (see below), and now America is decidedly urban/female oriented. Acquiring the right for women to vote corresponded to the time of this crossover, and men's last hurrah in America also occurred about the time of this crossover, and it involved Teddy Roosevelt and his voluntary regiment, the Plattsburg Movement (an organization of civilian boot camps!), and things like that. Today, in the extreme, women have access to sperm banks so they can have fatherless children and can receive taxpayer money with which to raise their fatherless children. Even when their children are fathered by real men, women have no obligation to disclose the identity of the children's fathers and can write "Unknown" on their Birth Certificates, conscious-free. Their children can receive free breakfast, lunch and dinner at school during the school year, and other meals during summer vacation. And other government programs help raise these fatherless children. Generation after generation has grown up thinking more and more that men/fathers aren't necessary, and they're beginning to think that women/mothers aren't necessary either. The act of sex is now only distantly related to reproduction. (And technogeeks think that "artificial life" is generated in computers?!) Men are all but obsolete, and women dedicated to keeping their original husbands are, likewise a vanishing breed, and rare gems indeed. The women have voted men out, so is it no wonder that some men feel marginalized or disenfranchised?

So the thread title should read "Electricity from Magnesium" because it's about "Things running on magnesium"? I'm still waiting to learn what other forums he already posted this on because I won't get past his first statement without proof. It's been a day and a half already.

OMG, what are they teaching kids in school these days? public = not performed secretly; allows public knowledge/record of proceedings and people involved (accused, witnesses, jury, judge, prosecutor, etc). trial = opportunity to hear charges, listen to testimony, question witnesses and see evidence and to answer with testimony, witnesses and evidence. jury = guilt or innocence depends on the decision of a small group instead of on the less dependable decision of one person. peers = guilt or innocence is decided by those who live similar lives as the accused, so best know how the defendant should have felt, thought and acted. Consider England's infamous Star Chamber: source Furthermore, until the separation of powers (into executive, legislative and judicial branches), the king/queen was lawmaker, police, prosecutor, judge, jury and executioner all wrapped up into one person. Tongue in cheek, of course:

On what other forums have you shared this?

Not having ever caused any serious EH&S incidents in the lab, I nonetheless had to validate the robustness of an anthrone-sulfuric acid assay, where the anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent is injected into an aqueous polysaccharide solution, while holding the test tubes high up so as not to burn fingers from the heat of reaction, and then incubating the test tubes in a hot water bath (90°C/194°F ± 10°C/18°F) to sustain and complete the reactions. As you can see, the high end of the reaction temperature range was 100°C/212°F, and having checked with my boss, he assured me (complete with a big friendly smile) that the water must be boiling. Those of you not familiar with chemistry, sulfuric acid and water react in a highly exothermic (heat-producing) — and perhaps violent — manner, and I had visions of test tubes cracking and boiling water being thrown all around —— perhaps even a chain reaction. In chemistry, the general rule is to add the more dangerous chemical to the less dangerous chemical, thus if a reaction becomes violent and/or the vessel ruptures, the less dangerous chemical would be the one to be splashed around (maybe on people, equipment, etc). Room temp water is tame, but boiling water probably ranks up there with sulfuric acid, so there wasn't much difference between the two in my mind. However, I trusted my boss and the equipment, and it all went off without a hitch, although it was interesting to monitor test tubes of sulfuric acid and water sitting in a boiling water bath for ten minutes. Like the one that quietly opened the spigot of a carboy in the walk-in frig when my boss (dressed in her lab coat) was in there ... discovered by me five minutes later. Glug glug glug, all over the floor. Only while looking over her right shoulder, of course, due to the typical left-is-larger asymmetry. (I extend women's apparent insensitivity of protruding body parts to their high success rate for demolishing car fenders.)

Suxamethonium, you do make a perfectly valid point. However, Dima's heart doesn't seem to be in this work (see below), which also makes it tough for him to apply himself to the project and excel in it, and then afterwards, to remember it and talk about it excitedly or in an interesting manner.

Hey ZeroZero, If any of this is still not registering, you should tell us how you arrived at "19.7 (approx)" in the above problem. It looks like you added 12² plus 12² (144 + 144) and got 388 by mistake, and then approximated its square root. Don't worry, taking the square root of this wrong number still serves our purpose here. The thing is, you could only approximate the square root ... because it's irrational (√388 = 2√97, and √97 is irrational). The same thing happens with 12² + 12² → √288 = 12√2, and √2 is irrational. PS — If you're having difficulty spelling "hypotenuse", just think of it as hypo + tense, or under tension (imagine a cord stretched tight along the diagonal), and the "u" naturally finds its way into the word from our pronunciation of it.

This looks like a no-brainer! I say definitely switch because the reasons seem related: the grant didn't happen because the project is boring and not intellectually stimulating. Think résumé: What would boring, insipid, unfunded work look like on your résumé? I wouldn't want it on mine! How would you explain/describe it in an interview? Short and sweet — If the grant people didn't buy it, an employer won't either.

Well... Can we agree that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but converted from one form to another? By definition, wind farms convert some of the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy. In doing so, wind farms might convert some of the wind's kinetic energy into thermal energy, or mix layers of air with different thermal energies, etc. There's even the [very distant] possibility that a wind farm could act like a vortex tube and separate air into colder air and warmer air.

It's probably been done a zillion times already, but you could test for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various hand washes. If this is an academic project, then that's probably good enough, but if this is for work, you should also note that the alcohol-based washes, if used several times daily, day after day, will cause the skin to crack, thus exposing the body to germs. For example, medical personnel shouldn't use alcohol-based washes.