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You can effectively adjust its threshold by adding enough light (perhaps a tiny LED etc), thus tricking the device into believing that it's earlier in the evening. The man who taught me this sort of trick was the man who went on to invent an impedance-based method for controlled cryosurgery of malignant tumors.

Yes, the process is ultrafiltration. abbreviated "UF". You'll often see it mentioned together with diafiltration, abbreviated "DF", or together as "UF/DF" (say "uff duff"). I never worked with it myself, but I've had coworkers who did. Wikipedia can probably tell you more about it than I can.

Not only do I think that the science of music-making along with its psychological/emotional aspects is an appropriate subforum on scienceforums.net, I also find these topics fascinating. For example, the seemingly artistic shapes/scrolls/etc of violins actually contribute scientifically to its sound production and quality, and that violins produce sound/vibrate in (at least) three different ways. There's also fun and interesting science with things like Ruben's tubes and Rijke's tubes and who knows what else! Thank you questionposter for this recommendation, and I hope to see a Science of Music subforum here soon.

Well, there's a kind of group intelligence with bacteria called "quorum sensing" involving cell-cell communication both within and between bacterial species for the purposes of symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation.

Afreon, I think your friend is having a bit of chemical humor with you. Amino acids have one letter abbreviations, and according to this table of amino acid abbreviations asparagine = N isoleucine = I cysteine = C lysine = K Answer = NICK I suspect that "Nick" is your friend's name.

Herman Cain's 9-9-9 proposal got me thinking. Through taxes, the government gets a cut of (for example) personal income, corporate income, sales transactions, etc. When the economy is up, the government is rich, but when the economy is down, the government is poor. Along the lines of how the government can help today's down economy, shouldn't the government be putting money away for a rainy day (aka: recession, depression, etc)? The unemployed don't want a unemployment benefits check; they want a job. So, instead of sending the unemployed benefits checks, the government should be giving money (or tax incentives) to businesses to hire new employees. The government should also deport illegal aliens faster. The government should also cut back on immigration quotas.

Why fix something that isn't broken? Why delay puberty when the natural consequence at this time in his life is to mature — like all the other children his age. Maybe the natural situation of experiencing puberty is exactly what he needs in order to decide. Who/what gave anyone any right to take puberty away from any child? How often do situations arise to delay puberty, and for what reasons? What are the physical/mental/emotional/psychological consequences of going through puberty at, say, age 20? What kind of doctor is qualified to perform this procedure (ie, write up this prescription)? What if, sometime later, the boy decides it was wrong to take this course of action and sues the doctor? This is very sick and insidious child abuse of one of the most extreme kind, and for me, it ranks up there with female genital mutilation. Sick, sick, sick.

I'll give you three reasons why some chemicals can breach the skin barrier: poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. On the serious side, if the skin was impervious to all chemicals, then the FDA would not allow Johnson & Johnson to promote Bengay® as a topically-applied pain reliever. I don't believe that it seeps through the skin, knowing where to go, as though it knows to target certain muscles or joints. Systemic absorption and distribution does occur with Bengay®, so for example, you could rub it on your feet and have it cure your headache. My best guess is that it ends up in inter-cellular regions, and the lymph system absorbs it and transfers it to the bloodstream. The main pain reliever in Bengay® is methyl salicylate, which is one of many chemicals that aspirin metabolizes into when ingested. Using Bengay® bypasses the digestive system, and sounds like something to use if your digestive system can't handle it. Just don't over do the stuff because it can kill you. DSMO easily penetrates the skin. It is used on animals in veterinary medicine, and some serious consideration is being given for use on humans.

Higher elevations also have steeper and more variable slopes, and lower elevations have flatter and more consistent slopes. This means that transport of laborers and materials by land and water requires a greater effort at higher latitudes than at lower altitudes. An example of a significant, prehistoric construction project is Stonehenge, which has an elevation of 100 m and is 2 km from the River Avon.

I want to believe that, with most people, medication is only temporary while they learn to better understand, and cope with, their traumas. Some doctors are satisfied with simply medicating their patients (perhaps for the rest of their lives) instead of actually helping them to solve their problems. Your doctors seem to think this way, so I suggest that you find yourself doctors willing to *really* help you. My general formula is that, the more entrenched the problems, the further back into his/her life a patient must examine.

Genesis 11:1-9 BTW, linguistic scholars place the location of the hypothetical Proto-Indo-European language relatively close to Mesopotamia. Natural resources (water, arable land, transport, etc) required to sustain a prehistoric civilization building a sky-high tower occur mostly at lower elevations. Even with modern technology, very few major metropolitan areas are located at high altitude.

Dear Alphonse, Oh, no, no, my friend. I was wrong to use MLDA, and you were correct. Most sincerely, Gaston

Thank you for correcting me about the Minimum Legal Drinking Age, and I apologize for misusing that terminology. I was trying to find the words for what is the minimum alcohol purchase age (ie, legally purchase without parental consent — as other adults can do). I looked, and if it is trustworthy, Wikipedia shows the vast majority of states having a minimum purchase age of 21 after Prohibition (post 1933), lowering the age to 18 or 19 in the 1970s (about 40 years or 1½ generations later), and then raising it back up to 21 in the 1980s. Not to get sidetracked, the essence of my example was that a lot of people thought it a good idea to allow younger adults a right reserved for adults slightly older and above, but it turned out to be a social experiment gone wrong, and it took about 10 years and many drunken car crashes and deaths to realize the mistake.

Societies consider *children* unable to form reasonable and prudent decisions regarding their lifestyles until a certain age, commonly referred to as "age of majority" and "adulthood", after which, society permits such individuals to make decisions about, and engage in, activities such as: sex, marriage, drinking (See Note below), voting, enlisting in the armed forces (See Note below), entering into contracts (eg: marriage, credit cards, mortgages, etc), driving motor vehicles, drinking alcoholic beverages, etc. You promote isolating sex from other *adult* activities when you have not shown that children can make reasonable and prudent decisions regarding it, would benefit from it, are currently deprived of some natural right, etc. You completely ignore the fact that, if children have the right to make such decisions about their sexual activities, their parents/guardians cannot prevent them from doing so, thus allowing the possibility of girls becoming pregnant and boys fathering children when neither have the ability to care for such babies (financially, physically, emotionally, intellectually, etc), causing the parents of these child-parents to shoulder these burdens, unless you want the government to do so. Either way, you won't find much popular support for pedophilia on these grounds alone. The fact that ages of consent *do* exist in all societies shows that sexual activity *does* involve a certain degree of maturity. You have not suggested an alleged *natural* age of consent, and perhaps for you, none exists. Note: Here's a related example that went wrong. During the Vietnam War, some people argued that young adults (age 18 to 20) were "required" to suffer the rigors of the war, but they couldn't drink alcoholic beverages. So, the MLDA (Minimum Legal Drinking Age) was generally lowered to 18 across America. Several years and hundreds, if not thousands, of alcohol-related young adult deaths later, people realized that the negatives outweighed the positives (if any existed), and in 1984, Congress enacted the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, setting the MLDA back to 21.

They had a mutual friend (supposedly ethical too) who was instrumental in brokering the deal and who, had the deal gone through, sounds like he might have had a part to play in the "financial arrangement", so he's not so ethical either. For someone who asked about the "observability" of the work, it was a kind of telecommuting work, so it couldn't be observed. Turns out that the work was given to the wealthy person's brother or brother-in-law (the details are a bit sketchy). Thanks again, everyone.

Thank you all for your comments and information. The result of this situation was that the work (or maybe "contract" more appropriately describes this arrangement) went to someone more intimately associated with the person, and my friend felt too uncomfortable with the arrangement that he would have rejected it.

I don't know what you're reading, so it's hard to comment on the particular design. The idea of a "ram" jet is that there's a forward speed that causes compression due to "ram" effect. Even hood scoops on cars produces very little increased engine power due to their ram effect. From my perspective, a "static ramjet" is an oxymoron.

Ramjets don't work at go-kart speeds. work statically (0 mph) and at low speeds, and you can find various designs on the internet. Both types of engines are extremely loud and, in my opinion, dangerous.

A somewhat well-to-do, well-educated and supposedly very ethical person offered an unemployed friend of mine some work, but my friend receives unemployment benefits, so this person — without my friend saying he didn't want to lose his benefits — offered my friend "to arrange a financial gift" ($10K+) in lieu of wages, so he wouldn't need to report it (but, obviously, the personal/social/ethical obligation to do the work would still exist). My friend didn't know if it was legal or not and felt unable to question this person about, so he asked me, but I don't know either. I thought the whole thing stank, especially the word "arrange". Any thoughts or facts?

I'd say Medical Science or Biology, or maybe even Chemistry, depending on the nature of your question.

My search also found "teddy bear crab" aka "gorilla crab". Same creature or just similar?

Yes, think of my diagram as a map and the vectors as miles traveled. If you travel Ax miles to the East and Ay miles to the North, performing both movements is the same as traveling A miles in a northeasterly direction. The same is true with forces. So, use trig functions to convert your forces into their x and y components (you could even call them their "equivalents", that is, for example, Ax and Ay (together) are equal to A). Once you find all their x and y components, it makes sense that summing all the x components and summing all the y components is equal to summing the original forces. This exercise asks you to "sketch the corresponding angle". So, you need to calculate a trig function that computes the angle from its x and y components. Please note: If this is a homework assignment, you should post it in the Homework Help forum in the Education Forum.

Some people think of robots as humanoid automatons playing ping pong, fighting wars, working as your butler, etc. However, most robotics involves non-humanoid industrial robotics that perform tasks that humans either can't or don't want to do — too repetitious, too precise, too dangerous, too complicated, etc. For example, airliners landing themselves, tanks stabilizing their guns, cars parking themselves, and even self-checkout machines, etc. As you may have guessed by now, robotics involves three activities, basically: measuring, thinking and doing — perhaps thought of as: input, decision, and output — and technically involving: sensors, algorithms and mechanics. Sensors include: audio, video, motions (linear, angular), force, velocity, temperature, pressure, etc. Khaled and ajb (above) have described knowledge involving algorithms. Hal.'s video showed some pretty cool mechanics. Mechanics can involve all sorts of actuators: linear, rotary, locomotive, etc. Look at self-checkout machines. They have sensors that: read barcodes, weight merchandise, sense merchandise on the belt, read credit/debit cards, read coins/bills, etc. They have algorithms that: decipher bar codes, determine weight, compute price, verify coupons, deduct savings, deduct for items on sale, determine that customer placed item on belt, etc. They have mechanics that: talk to customers, move merchandise, dispense money and receipts, notify staff of a malfunction, etc.

If I showed you this, would it give you any ideas?

You know can isolate them with the string functions you've given us. What you want to do with each character is called "concatenation". How do you determine how many times the loop must run? It's common sense.