mississippichem

How does one measure temperature above the boiling point of mercury anyway?

Are you trying to make a cleaning solvent?

I believe in a completely post-racial society; one where the government does not even acknowledge the difference between races. How is giving a minority preferential treatment any better than Jim Crow? It's not, it may be worse because things like affirmative action have a false moral justification. I have African American friends who mark "white" in the race column of applications, and things of that nature because they want to make it solely based on their merit. I have utmost respect for that. I didn't choose to be born a white male.

I like the fact that Bush will not criticize Obama because he has "too much respect for the office". It shows political maturity on his part. I think the history books in twenty or forty years will be kinder to Bush than many expect. Take Clinton for example. The right pretty much stayed in an uproar the whole time he was in office. But now I know more than a few republicans who will concede that times were good under Clinton, especially with respect to the economy. Times weren't so bad under Bush for his first term and at least half of his second, though some of that could be credited to Clinton. Bush's polls are already on the rise and the memoirs will probably contribute to that.

Whatever you do. Keep it away from anything remotley reducing. Not sure about copper chlorate, but most chlorates are strong oxidizers; kinetically and potential wise. Many beakers have been popped while evaporating chlorates to dryness.

Some of those mid p-block elements display messy boiling/melting ranges instead of nice discrete values. If you're looking for a hard number for a calculation or a report, I would go with D H's CRC handbook. Many professionals hold the CRC handbook as the standard for physical values and constants. Just to make sure though, see if some of those values you gave also have a reported pressure as that might alter the boiling point significantly.

As far as properties go, you could discuss the effects of the -NH2 group and the -COOH group on physical properties like solubility, boiling point, and melting point. Here's a good place for a table. Compare PABA to other similar benzene derivitives like aniline, benzoic acid, phenol, or benzene itself with respect to physical properties. I don't know if your at the level of simple organic synthesis or not. If so, a reaction scheme would be very nice. Look up reduction of aromatic nitro-compounds. These reactions are easy to understand and are very relevant to your topic. Also, look up sulfonamide drugs. I happen to have an interest in these because they have "cool" preperations. Related search terms might include: folate, anti-bacterial compounds, aniline derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives... Good Luck

Good point. I used too strong a phrase when I said it should all be discretionary. The obligation to pay debt is constitutional and I would never want to change that, lest we go the way of many credit card weilders. What I should have said is that we need a major reorganizing in the way we prioritize our liabilities. I'm not very sure what the specifics should be...I'm no economist, but I've taken alot of accounting and I see waste and number "fudgery" everywhere I look. I tend to beat the efficiency mantra to death, but it ends up making a huge difference over large timescales. Yes, this is a huge lexical gap in English (not a very efficient language ). People make fun of "ya'll" but its actually quite functional. I try to shy away from it though to keep from getting grouped in with the ignorant, broke, in-bred, multi-generational epic fail that is so prevalent in my home state. Not that everyone who says " ya'll " is that; my grandparents use it.

I'm arguing the whole budget should be discretionary. No department should be immune. My first post says we need drastic cuts in social security, medicare, medicaid, and defense spending. That would make a huge dent. Then after the major problem has been rectified, I would cut almost everything to nil and slowly reallocate funds according to cost effectiveness. I think we agree on this, but there seems to be miscommunication. Hey, I love the NSF, but I could see it go until the balance sheet looks better. Yes, we are 49th of 50 last time I checked in K-12 education. Whatever the number is...piss poor. But would it really be wise to just through money at a failing system without first checking its efficiency and cleaning house. Throwing money at a wasteful system only ensures more waste. I'm saying the state could make money go further if they would cut down on administrative costs. How could consolidation of districts not save money? Or we could just spend ourselves into multi-year defecit and start writing IOUs to keep state employee penchants afloat like California. That's a sustainable plan. really!?

It's all about efficiency. A lot of the departments you mention have been allowed to run inefficiently because they see their funding as secure. Hard times seem to force efficiency. If we could cut these departemnts down a size and force them to streamline their operations and make dollars go further, then we could get a good picture of the effectiveness and real baseline financial requirements of these agencies. Then, if we can get our accounting back in the black, we can "re-fund" these agencies slowly, cautiously, and skeptically. -Well deptartment of homeland security, show us how your requested funding increases will quantitatively make our airports more secure.. -Department of education, you request additional funding every year. Show us how your last funding increase boosted college enrollment... American politicians, for some reason, legislate under the assumption that throwing money at departments fosters greater productivity. Efficiency is rarely disgusted. Here in Mississippi there is a somewhat underground movement toward school district consolidation. Some of our counties have over five school districts with county populations under a couple thousand (not even 10,000). Five school districts with five superintendants all drawing six figure salaries. I find this ridiculous. It pretty much ensures that government employee salaries will be abundant, while making sure that none of the children attend a well funded and effectivley run institution. This is what happens when legislators continually throw money at pet programs; a program with a lot of money that performs way sub-par with respect to productivity and efficiency.

Defense, medicare, medicaid, and social security all must be cut if we ever want to balance the budget or not default on our international debt: I don't see why republicans and democrats argue over cutting entitlements or defense. They are both bleeding us dry! I would be a little easier on defense,(not much) but thats only because it has a large positive multilplier. If I was in office my approval rating would be in the dumps because I would start making draconian cuts across the board. Someone has to be brave and make the unpopular move and start cutting like Sweeny Todd. Economic activity may take a step back, but at least twenty years from now there would be an economy to worry about. We've been off track, budget wise, for decades now. The surpluses in the Bush and Clinton years only lasted long enough to quickly be turned into deficits. Our leaders have let us down by making promises and appeasments that are mathematically impossible to deliver on over the course of the next few decades: We're looking at rampant tax hikes, draconian cuts, and/or both whether we like it or not. In my opinion, cutting is safer than taxing the middle class into oblivion.

Wonder if this can be done with an alkyl hydrazone?

That's not literary trash. Harry Potter is literary trash!

Yeah not an azo dye. No (R-N=N-R), forgot to mention that. Not formed by a diazonium coupling either. But the OP wanted the mechanism and products from the reaction of anniline and potassium dichromate. I Found this listed on a timetable of azo-dye technologies. I thought the original poster might be lumping this is with the "real" azodyes. -Is there even a route to diazonium salts from anniline without using a source of [ce] NO_{2}^- [/ce]?

-Remember, carbocations will rearrange to obtain a more stable configuration. -More electron donating groups lead to higher stability. -Cl- will attack this carbocation after rearrangement. -You're starting with a secondary carbocation after the addition of H+. Is there any way a tertiary carbocation can arise? Maybe this will point you in the right direction.

The product is called mauve: (sulfate counter-ion not pictured) But it turns out Perkins didn't have pure anniline at his disposal. He probably had a mixture of o-,m-,and p- toluidines as is evident from the structure of mauve. Actually this reaction doesn't proceed by the traditional diazonium coupling route. Usually this transformation is accompliched by reacting nitrous acid and sodium chloride with an amino-substituted aromatic. This produces a very heat sensitive diazonium/chloride salt. The positivley charged nitrogen in the azo moiety then acts as an electrophile, attacking a [math] \pi [/math] dense region of another aromatic ring to form an Ar-N=N-Ar linkage. I've done similar reactions before, they are hard to control and vary hard to keep from "gelling" up in the middle of the reaction. However the products are beautiful and can very easily be identified with UV/vis.

Thanks Cap'n. I've paid you in rep points. (like you need anymore)

Can someone please post a 2x2 LaTex matrix and set it equal to a variable so I can click and get the code? I need to ask a mathy question that involves matricies, and I can't find one posted in the archives. -thanks

The best part about science is that there is no need to have faith in it. Educate yourself, as all scientists do (even the ones who already have doctorates) and explore these questions for yourself. Look through the peer-reviewed literature if it is available to you (probably at the local university/college library). Even if you can't find a true or false answer you can familiarize yourself with the forefront of the debate on any question. Sometimes you will find there is no debate at all, the media likes to create them. You'll find it to be a rewarding experience. I think it's all about the pursuit myself.

One ten minute scanning of RatSkep makes me ashamed to call myself an athiest. All of the secular arguments coming from their posters are more dogmatic than many of the religious arguments I've heard. One could write a geometry thesis with all those logic circles! Rational Skepticism makes me ashamed to be an atheist, but it also makes me proud to be a member of SFN where informative debate, constructive criticism, and friendly disagreement is abundant and is set as the standard. Let's have a round of e-pplause for the dedicated mods that keep this forum a house of free thought and intellectual exchange.

Lemur, are you a descendent of Nietszche? You have some serious philosophy skills. Or you're just very good at articulating you're argument. You should right a book man. I'm with Lemur on this one, matter can't be proven or disproven because we are matter and we live in universe full of it. There is no outisde objective reference frame from which do determine matter is real or non-real. I consciously live under the assumtion that matter is real because I must practice under that assumption in order to produce any notable science. Really, we all must live under that assumtion in order to make any credible statement about anything. I can't prove that I've got $15 in my wallet right now if I don't assume the ten and five dollar bills are real.

I'm about where you are Mr. Skeptic. I've voted for the lesser of two evils way too many times. Hopefully one day I'll actually be able to confidently stand behind a candidate without announcing a disclaimer about how I think he sucks but not as bad as the other guy. I think in the near future we will see the rise of more "green-like" and more "libertarian-like" politics. My generation (I'm 22 years old) is disillusioned with the false dichotomy of republicans vs. democrats. It may seem like there is a huge difference between the two in these polarizing times, but is there really? Though I often disagree with Bascule, he commented in another thread about republicans being big spenders as well and really offering no fiscally conservative alternatives; you're right Bascule, good call! George Washington warned us against developing a party system. We should've listened.

Yes, but eventually reactants must be added. If not, all the reactants will be consumed and the reaction will grind to a halt. However, some radical reactions can go a very long way before stopping; and can, at least theoretically, be initiated with as little as one photon.

I think the right here in the states is good at pushing their agenda/fear/camaigns , because their base is more of a homogeneous group. The left is a menagerie of environmentalists, welathy philanthropists, working class moderates, a well as being diverse with respect to race, ethnicity and country of origin. The right, from my observation (I have no stats for this, feel free to confirm or deny) tends to be white, middle, upper-middle, or upper class, mostly protestant christian, and American born for generations back. This is a much easier base to play to as they all seem to want lower taxes, legislated family values, less government, and the typical christian ammenities in the public sector. Of course not all the right fits this mold, including myself (athiest, young, broke, chemistry student) but folks like me are ostersized from the mainstream right anyway. All that to say that the left here in the states represents a wide cone of liberalism. For example, my grandfather is a hard nosed democrat; but no like Barack Obama or some of the younger "far-left" (*American far left, different from Euro-far left) leaners. He is an advocate for the unions, supports public sector job creation and the like. However, he is quite jaded with the current state of the Democratic party. On the other hand, many of my younger left-leaning friends at school, around the country, and abroad represent a totally different ideology than my grandfather. Its much easier for a Republican candidate/politician/pundit to energize the mob because their are so many "hot-button" issues that cause immediate and powerful political activation of the party. One could say there is a lower activation energy to organize conservatives than to organize liberals. -I would like if some of our European posters would comment on whether or not there is an analogous situation across the pond.

Yeah, of course [self face-palm], don't know what I was thinking there...obviously it wasn't chemistry. from wikipedia: Many consumers find the taste of a drink from a can to be different from fountain drinks and those from plastic or glass bottles. In addition, some people believe that aluminium leaching into the fluid contained inside can be dangerous to the drinker's health. Scientific consensus is that aluminium plays no role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Aluminium cans often contain an internal coating to protect the aluminium from beverage corrosion. Despite this coating, trace amounts of aluminium can be degraded into the liquid, the amount depending on factors such as storage temperature and liquid composition. Chemical compounds used in the internal coating of the can include types of epoxy resin. A professor casually mentioned the Al(III) salts/ Alzheimers thing to me a few weeks ago (outside of class). I'm so going to call him on that. I would like to know how soluble aluminum phosphate is though. Anyone got a [ce] K_{sp} [/ce] for it?