Greippi

Wouldn't A just be the Coulomb constant? Making A the subject is very simple algebra - not sure how I could help without feeding you the answer!

Double stranded as in 2 strands make up one helix. Just like this: See, two sets of sugar/phosphate backbones.

DNA is very long but very thin (around 2.6nm wide). The largest human chromosome is roughly 72 centimeters long if you completely unwound it, but kept it as a double helix (it's 220 million base pairs - each nucleotide is around 0.33nm long). We have 22 pairs of chromosomes. In the cell, the genetic material is VERY tightly wound up in to the chromosome structures - which include bead-like proteins called histones.

A simple google search of glycolysis will give you your answers!

That sounds reasonable to me. An entire mole of ATP would be a hell of a lot of ATP so I'm not surprised it's only a fraction of a mole.

How far have you got? Once you know what chemical shift corresponds to what functional group, then it should be relatively easy to build up your compound. Obviously if this is homework task then I'm not going to give you the answers, it should be pretty easy to get the information you need about what signal corresponds to what.

Are you told anything about the mechanisms of transporting the Ca2+? maybe the active transporter uses a certain amount of ATP when pumping across the membrane?

I laughed like a drain for 20 minutes when I first heard it in a lecture about apoptosis. The earliest publication I found with "blebbing" in the title was 1966 (STUDY ON MEMBRANE ELEVATION (BLEBBING) IN RABBIT ZYGOTE)

Stop whining.

I chose the supernova as tome it encompasses all areas of science. Really didn't like the biohazard one. Integral was nice, but gives the impression that this is a maths forum!

The most obvious solution to concentrate it that I can think of would be: Dilute the acid with a base to make some sort of nitrate salt. Then distill that with concentrated sulphuric acid.

Oh, yes, of course. I didn't say that as I thought it was a given - my point was the fact that they don't give out carbon dioxide (i.e. photosynthesis). Just realised that the guy who wrote the paper I mentioned before published one this year which might be worth a look: Potential fuel oils from the microalga Choricystis minor Sobczuk, TM; Chisti, Y JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Volume: 85 Issue: 1 Pages: 100-108 Published: 2010 In fact, he's co-authored a LOT of literature on the subject, so anyone who's interested, it might be worth looking him up.

Because chemicals are combinations of atoms. I think what Mr Skeptic was saying is that there are more possible chemicals than atoms in the universe.

Apparently scientists have just come to the consensus that is WAS an asteroid.

Hallo I'm Katie Grape, and I am evidently stupid because I missed this introduction thread. I'm 22 and currently doing a masters degree in biochemistry. I spend most of my day fiddling around with proteins, happily playing around with maths and yelling at bacteria.

I forgot about magnetic induction! This is used for charging electric toothbrushes, but at the moment only works at VERY close distances (mm range).

Have you looked in to whether this can be done using a quantitative NMR method?

I'm surprised that you're seeing debate about the impact of stress. For example, stomach ulcers were once thought to be down to stress, until it was discovered that in fact they are be caused by Helicobacter pylori (and stress aggravates this). Maybe there's "confusion" because many factors in fact work together to produce a result. Maybe there is also confusion because new studies can shatter wide-spread and long-standing beliefs/assumptions and it takes time to accept new research!

The restriction sites in the polylinker are found nowhere else in the plasmid. The poly linker is right in the middle of the lacZ gene, this placement is important in selecting colonies which are expressing your gene: Expression can be initiated by the addition of IPTG in the growth medium as your gene is now under the control of the lacZ promoter. If your gene is NOT correctly inserted in to the plasmid, beta galactosidose is encoded by lacZ and produces blue colonies. If your gene is inserted in the plasmid, it interrupts the lacZ gene meaning that beta galactosidase is not produced and the colonies appear white. So you know white colonies contain your gene, and you can select for those.

There's not actually much literature on that specific species - there is a lot on its physiology but genome data is lacking. All we can do is speculate really. What I have been able to dig up using Web of Science (hopefully you institution has access to it) shows that is has many proteins related to other fish (quite a large number of different species) and has homologues with human proteins. Perhaps the fact that it's the closest living relative to land vertebrates is the key to its large genome. Perhaps the majority of the genome is so called 'junk DNA' involved in transcriptional control and such, as opposed to making novel proteins. In fact, there are quite a few papers on the metabolism and respiration of this fish - possibly the metabolism is under tight control or is very adaptive, which would require a large amount of regulatory genes. Couple of sources I found: Evolution of tissue-specific keratins as deduced from novel cDNA sequences of the lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus Schaffeld M, Bremer M, Hunzinger C, Markl E 2005 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY Volume: 84 Issue: 2-3 Pages: 363-377 I couldn't access this paper myself, but perhaps Protopterus aethiopicus has undergone wasteful strategy of evolution as described here: Cell size and the concept of wasteful and frugal evolutionary strategies. Henryk Szarski. Journal of Theoretical Biology. Volume 105, Issue 2, 1983, Pages 201-209

I don't know anything about this "defective insulin", in fact I have never heard anything about it. Here's what I know on the topic: In the 1920s, it was possible to purify insulin from cows and pigs, so diabetics could expect to survive for longer and live a relatively normal life. In the 1980s recombinant commercial protein became available (i.e. putting the human insulin gene in to a vector and producing human insulin). The problems that I am aware of from that was that an increase in old-age complications (from the diabetes itself) was seen (blindness, stroke, kidney failure, heart disease) as the patients were living longer. There was also a trend for hypoglycemic coma due to an accidental overdose of insulin (the patients experienced a loss of ability to sense hypoglycaemia). Before human insulin became available deaths from hyperglycaemic coma were common - now the opposite was happening!

I guess you mean the Spawl trilogy I actually had no idea Neuromancer and Count Zero were part of a trilogy, I guess the editions I was reading didn't make that clear.

It doesn't matter what the third hyphon it is. I ASSUME it could be any base and that the sequence it needs for recognition is just GATC. However, I'll just check that and get back to you in a second. Just looked it up on NEB cutter and that's correct.

There was actually an article in New Scientist this year on the wireless transmission of electricity. Another possibility, other than radio waves, is to fire an infrared laser at a photovoltic cell to convert the energy back in to electricity.

I've only read Spook Country, Neuromancer, Count Zero and Pattern Recognition. Out of those I probably enjoyed Count Zero the least. Any advice on which I should get round to reading next?