zapatos

I'm not sure that is quite accurate, at least in the short term (geologically speaking). Plate tectonics is in part responsible for salt being removed from the ocean, and is responsible for recycling material back to the surface so that the cycle can continue. But if no ocean floor made its way to the surface, I would expect that the level of salt in rivers would remain roughly constant as long as there is rock to erode. So, I'd say plate tectonics has an influence on the salinity of the ocean, but it only influences the salinity in rivers in the sense that it keeps the process going.

This is simply based on what I experienced with my sons and their friends. They generally had a growth spurt begin sometime between the ages of 12 and 15. The growth spurt lasted different lengths of time for different kids, but once it significantly slowed, that kid added very little additional height. I also found that the growth charts supplied by their pediatrician wasn't much use in predicting their final height. My older son had an early growth spurt and the doctor predicted he would grow to about 6'1". He quit growing at 5'9" at about 14 years old. My younger son had a late growth spurt. The doctor predicted he would grow to 5'8", and he quit growing at about 5'11" at about 17 years old. I'm 5'8" and my wife is 5'5". So, my suggestion is that you look at how fast you've been growing lately and use that as an indication as to whether or not you'll continue to get much taller.

You throw away the outside and cook the inside. Then you eat the outside and throw away the inside. What is it?

Gracias!!

"Neal and a team of 15 other planetary geologists have reexamined data from seismometers placed by Apollo astronauts at lunar landing sites from 1969 to 1972. They found that instruments from Apollo missions 12, 14, 15 and 16 consistently radioed back seismic data to Earth until they were turned off in 1977 in a NASA cost-cutting measure." "Neal points out that vibrations from most earthquakes cease in less than a minute. The biggest earthquakes stop shaking in less than two minutes. The shallow quakes on the moon produced movement that continued for more than 10 minutes." http://www.physorg.com/news63645811.html Thus one of the reasons for the comparison to a bell and the idea that the moon is hollow.

I placed a cup in my sink below the faucet and turned the water on. For a while the volume of water contained in the cup rose, but then at some point the amount of water in the cup stopped increasing. Even though I kept adding water to the cup, the amount of water in the cup was stable. Must the process of adding water be linked by some mechanism to the process of water moving out of the cup to keep it in equilibrium? "Many salt components are absorbed into the bodies of living organisms. For instance, coral polyps, mollusks, and crustaceans harvest calcium, a salt component, for their shells and skeletons. Microscopic algas called diatoms extract silica. Bacteria and other organisms consume dissolved organic matter. When these organisms die or are eaten, the salts and minerals in their bodies eventually settle to the seafloor as dead matter or feces. Many salts not removed by biochemical processes are disposed of in other ways. For example, clay and other terrestrial materials that find their way into the oceans by means of rivers, land runoff, and volcanic fallout may bind certain salts and carry them down to the seafloor. Some salts also bind to rock. Thus, through a number of processes, much of the salt ends up being added to the seafloor. Many researchers believe that geophysical processes complete the cycle, albeit over aeons of time. The earth’s crust is made up of gigantic plates. Some of these meet at subduction zones, where one plate plunges beneath its neighbor and sinks into the hot mantle. Usually, the denser oceanic plate sinks beneath its lighter continental neighbor, at the same time carrying its cargo of salty sediments with it like a great conveyor belt. In this way much of the earth’s crust slowly gets recycled. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and rift zones are three manifestations of this process." http://scienceray.com/earth-sciences/why-is-the-sea-salty/ Doesn't seem all that mysterious to me.

"Earthquakes can also occur far from the edges of plates, along faults. Faults are cracks in the earth where sections of a plate (or two plates) are moving in different directions. Faults are caused by all that bumping and sliding the plates do. They are more common near the edges of the plates." http://www.geo.mtu.e...Seis/where.html Some of the bigger earthquakes in the US were near the center of the country far from the edges of plates. " ...after December 16, 1811, there could be no doubt about the area's potential to generate severe earthquakes. On that date, shortly after 2 AM, the first tremor of the most violent series of earthquakes in the United States history struck southeast Missouri. In the small town of New Madrid, about 290 kilometers south of St. Louis, residents were aroused from their sleep by the rocking of their cabins, the cracking of timbers, the clatter of breaking dishes and tumbling furniture, the rattling of falling chimneys, and the crashing of falling trees. A terrifying roaring noise was created as the earthquake waves swept across the ground. Large fissures suddenly opened and swallowed large quantities of river and marsh water. As the fissures closed again, great volumes of mud and sand were ejected along with the water. The earthquake generated great waves on the Mississippi River that overwhelmed many boats and washed others high upon the shore. The waves broke off thousands of trees and carried them into the river. High river banks caved in, sand bars gave way, and entire islands disappeared. The violence of the earthquake was manifested by great topographic changes that affected an area of 78,000 to 130,000 square kilometers. On January 23, 1812, a second major shock, seemingly more violent than the first, occurred. A third great earthquake, perhaps the most severe of the series, struck on February 7, 1812." http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/missouri/history.php

I believe you can also get earthquakes from volcanos, and volcanos are sometimes not at the edge of plates. (although I don't think the UK has many active volcanos!)

Rings like a bell?

Can you expand on this a bit? I'm wondering where you think the salt in the oceans came from. Are you suggesting that water from comets or asteroids was salty? Or that as water formed on the earth that it was formed salty? And if rivers were always fresh and oceans were always salty, did the source of the water for rivers and oceans come from different places?

Water runs over rocks and dissolves the sodium chloride in it, which is eventually carried into the oceans. Water evaporates from the oceans (without the high concentration of salt), and falls as rain. The water that fell as rain on land runs over rocks and dissolves the sodium chloride in it... Repeat millions of times. "Throughout the world, rivers carry an estimated 4 billion tons of dissolved salts to the ocean annually. About the same tonnage of salt from the ocean water probably is deposited as sediment on the ocean bottom, and thus, yearly gains may offset yearly losses. In other words, the oceans today probably have a balanced salt input and outgo." http://www.palomar.edu/oceanography/salty_ocean.htm

Right. The average ocean salinity is 35 parts per thousand. Freshwater salinity is usually less than 0.5 parts per thousand.

Water runs over rocks and dissolves the sodium chloride in it, which is eventually carried into the oceans. There is so much salt in the oceans because this process has been going on for millions of years.

This thread started with the proposition of humans making contact with an advanced alien race. Unless this race originated in some other universe with different physical properties, then they have been exposed to the same properties of the universe that we have. These properties are the only ones we have to work with to develop communications, a means of travel, a means to do any of the things our technology allows us to do. All I am saying is that if we have the same raw materials to work with (EM, gravity, hydrogen, space, planets, etc.), then we may very well recognize when someone else has manipulated those raw materials for some purpose (such as using EM for communications). I recognize that we might not utilize all of the same properties of the universe, but I would think there would be some overlap. For example, if the aliens traveled here, they may very well have created some type of ship to travel in which doesn't look like an asteroid or travel the same path as an asteroid (for example, it may make a soft landing on a planet). I never said they would use EM radiation for communication, but there is a reason they could use EM radiation for communication. It works. Do you believe that an advanced alien race is unlikely to be aware of the EM that is bombarding them constantly from all directions? And I admit I don't understand how you are using the concept of ALIEN. You seem to be implying that if they are ALIEN, then everything about them MUST be different than everything about us. Why would that be? Why couldn't many of our technologies share the same underlying properties of the universe? I admit that it is possible that we would not recognize other life, but you seem to imply that it is nearly a certainty.

Earthquakes can also occur far from the edges of plates, along faults. Faults are cracks in the earth where sections of a plate (or two plates) are moving in different directions. Faults are caused by all that bumping and sliding the plates do. They are more common near the edges of the plates. http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/where.html

From the first link (my bold)... "The magisterium of the Church does not forbid that, in conformity with the present state of human sciences and sacred theology, research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter—for the Catholic faith obliges us to hold that souls are immediately created by God. However, this must be done in such a way that the reasons for both opinions, that is, those favorable and those unfavorable to evolution, be weighed and judged with the necessary seriousness, moderation, and measure, and provided that all are prepared to submit to the judgment of the Church, to whom Christ has given the mission of interpreting authentically sacred Scripture and of defending the dogmas of faith" (HG 36). This is one of the reasons the church loses credibility with me.

Well, as I tried to explain in an earlier post, I think we would use similar technology because both the aliens and us would have grown up in the same universe. We both are exposed to the same properties of the universe, and while we may not understand all of the universe in the same way or utilize its properties in the same way, I would be surprised if we had no overlap at all. And while I might not recognize an alien as life, if it was altering its surroundings for some purpose, I'd probably give it a closer look.

Fuzzwood: So it would stay that same small size? The gravity of the entire black hole is not necessary to keep it that small? And if it had that mass in a very small space, it could not get close enough to, say, a molecule of hydrogen to pull in that molecule? I think this answers my question. I was wondering if once matter is compressed to the density of a black hole, does that matter retain the properties of a black hole if the massive gravity is removed. That is, can the mass of 1kg stay in that compressed state without the entire gravity of a black hole to keep it that way.

What would happen if a 1kg piece of black hole was suddenly transported to the surface of the earth? Would it retain the properties of a black hole and begin devouring mass that it came close to, sinking into the surface of the earth? Would it expand to something much less dense since it did not have the gravity of the entire black hole to keep it in that dense state? If so, what type of matter would it be? Something else?

So are you saying that you believe that some portion of UFO sightings are indeed aliens? If so, I'd like to hear why you think that. (I promise I won't inflict any bruising! )

It is an impressive tree (or whatever type of organism that has developed) that launches its seed with a velocity allowing it to escape the gravitational pull of its star and move into interstellar space. It is interesting that you suggest this, yet respond to MRlogic's scenario of us being visited by intelligent aliens by saying that "Speculation is futile." Perhaps I misread your posts but it sounded to me like you flatly put down every statement he made, or assumption he wanted to start with. Actually you did. I was trying to be clever by quoting you from your first post. I thought it interesting that you told MRlogic to "abandon thoughts of all SF movies" when he hadn't even mentioned them, and then a few posts later you use SF stories in support of your position. I'll try to be more obvious next time. I thought that was what I had been doing in my posts. One of us should go back and re-read what I said in them.

Yes, I agree that there are many possible scenarios where we could look at each other and not recognize what we are seeing. However, assuming we both grew up with the same laws of physics, with the same physical types of actions going on around us (things affected by gravity, stars giving off radiation, etc.), then it seems likely to me that we would have some overlap in our understanding of the universe. There may be properties of the universe that we utilize that are not utilized by aliens (such as electromagnetic communication), and vice versa. But if we had common use of some of the properties, I would expect that we would most likely at least recognize each other as something significant. Maybe not much of an understanding of each other, but at least recognizing that this other thing is not your normal hunk of rock.

"A rather easier task would be to detect our military radars. The bigger ones typically boast a megawatt of power, and are focused into beams that are a degree or two across. There are enough such radars that, at any given time, they cover a percent of the sky or so. The signal from the most powerful of these could be found at 50 light-years distance in a few minutes time with a receiving antenna 1,000 feet in diameter. Indeed, these military radars are the only signals routinely transmitted from Earth that are intense enough to be detectable at interstellar distances with setups equivalent to our own SETI experiments. Bottom line? With radio technology slightly more advanced than our own, Homo sapiens is detectable out to a distance of roughly 50 light-years. Within that distance are about 5,000 stars, all of which have had the enviable pleasure of receiving terrestrial television. And each day, a fresh stellar system is exposed to signals from Earth." http://www.space.com/searchforlife/seti_shostak_aliens_031023.html And maybe they would be here to mine one of our moons, but if they were in our solar system, wouldn't it be hard to miss us?

But other than some form of life that just happened to be floating by, don't you think that they'd figure out we are alive? Assuming that faster than light travel is not possible and that getting here would take some significant effort, I'd think they'd need a reason to visit, such as wondering about why this solar system was putting out unusual signals (sitcoms, telephone calls, etc.). And even if they couldn't figure out what we were, they could probably figure out it was us causing the signals.

It seems more reasonable to me to assume aliens visiting earth will have intelligence and technology than not. Can you give a scenario for interstellar space travel that does not include intelligence and technology? You only assume they won't. You need to abandon thoughts of all SF movies. Why are you trying to shut down MRlogic? What is wrong with speculating about what might happen? Speculation may be futile for you, but it may be a benefit to others. If you fnd this a waste of time, please move on.