chemistry

how 'bout just using some soap, or detergent?

You won't heighten at the age of 21. Sports/physical activity of any sort facilitate growth, particulary of growth of the leg bone's due to androgenic factors...as far as I know, you will not get taller at you current age. How tall are you exactly?

Energy itself is a state function if it the situation is conservative, such as with gravity and electric fields. Enthalpy itself relates to the chemical energy released/absorbed in an open system. The q relates to the temperature change (internal energy) while w relates to the work in expanding against the surroundings. It is simply a statement relating to the conservation of energy. I don't know why you're so confused with this. By the way q is a state function, it relates to the initial and final temperature, the w is a general expression for the energy lost in expansion.

Yep.

The a in the subscript of Ka indicates acid.

Calcium hydroxide as well as other ionic compounds dissolve to a certain extent in water , the degree to which it dissolves is given by the solubility constant, which indicates its saturation point. The solubility of calcium hydroxide increases in acidic solutions, particularly because one of its electrolyte components is hydroxide which will react with the strongest acid in the mixture. The solution once again becomes unsaturated and more calcium hydroxide solid will dissolve. Now what happens when you have enough acid in the solution? Figure it out.

You've got a reaction between a strong base and strong acid, the product salt will be weak with respect to its influence on pH, insignificant. At equivalence point, pH is 7. Depending on your desired pH add excess of one or the other. Calcium hydroxide will dissolve in acidic solutions (common ion effect).

Read up on the transition metals section of a standard principles of chemistry text. I believe that you are right in saying so that it has to do with crystal field splitting.

I would search for common particular experiments rather than try to create one on my own, such experiments have more than enough complications to them. I don't know of any experiments at this point.

The acid is a catalyst, you should know how this applies to your question. sidetrack- Also, in aqueous solutions, increasing the concentration of the acid does not necessarily increase the acidity of the solution. Acids dissociate through there interactions with water, in most cases we are assuming that water is plentiful. However, when water is limiting, you can guess that there will be problems with dissociation.

Simply the polar protic solvent, you should serach this term in the index of your org. chem text.

1. Water is a polar molecule due to its overall geometrical allignment of its dipole moments (referring to the character of electron sharing between to atoms-dipole moments). Hydrogen bonding exist due to significant electronegativity differences between two atoms and thus a strong dipole moment. However, since the oxygen possess lone pairs, it can intermolecular hydrogen in addition to intramolecular. 2. browse through the index for cohesivity or surface tension. 3. I'm not quite sure about this one, however, it pertains to the different density between ice and liquid h20 perhaps. Ice has a smaller density, which is opposite of the trend between other liquids and solids. 2.

An ionic bond typically relates to bonding in which electrons are more or less, not shared...in any ionic bond, the cation typically decreases to a smaller radii as the anion conversely increases in size. The ionic bond moreover relates to a subject which one might have studied in physics...attraction vs. repulsion (same charges repel, opposite charges attract).

In other words Grinard reagents are NOT stable. One cannot analysize a molecular by itself rather with the contexts...the molecules enviroment.

I recommend, Chemistry by Raymond Chang...any of the editions. Search for it on ebay, I bought mine for seven dollars.

Grinard reagents are reactive by nature, and thus they are used in that they act as strong bases (there is almost an ionic separation of charges, and thus they react twice with most acyl compounds).

Liquid phases typically do not exist in ionic compounds, that's my point. There is no need to falsely implicate what I said.

I'm guessing it is this molecule http://home.tiscali.cz:8080/~cz382002/img/slouc/c6h8o7.gif NH3 will attack the carbonyl carbon, and will result in a salt. Is this organic chemistry? I certainly hope it is not general chemistry. This reaction involves the NH3 ion, so there is no sense in saying that it is ammonium NH4+, whether it takes place in aqueous solution or not. Feel free to ask further questions.

Ionic compounds typically exist as a solid, when heated they decompose yielding cation and anion gases. What you are referring to are molecular compounds, covalent compounds refer to such as graphite. The bond between ionic compounds are between the cations and anions...the elements themselves while molecular compounds form intermolecular bonds, molecule to molecule attractions. Ionic compounds are not molecules because they exist as elemental attractions in which they form crystal lattices.

ClF, F is more electronegative and possesses the neg. oxidation state. Cl thus would on the positive side. The anion or the negatively charged element is always written last.

H+ is not hydronium...H30+, K-...I don't believe that this is common at all.

The electron affinity for adding the second electron is almost always positive; while the first electron affinity is negative.

Here's how you can picture it; it is essentially a hydrolysis of an amide. Catalyzed by the acid, water can act as a nucleophile, that is the acid turns the oxygen carbonyl to an oxonium ion. This causes the carbonyl carbon to become more electrophilic. Water adds through as a nucleophile and elimination results in a amine salt...NH4+ Cl-. I am assuming that you know the rest.

although it does not seem to have the correct structure for phenacetin it describes, in one of its paragraphs, the mechanism. Hydrolysis followed by nucleophilic addition for the second part. The bicarbonate got me a bit confused, it seems that, rather than being used as a base it is used to moderate the pH of the reaction.

Try this http://www.fau.edu/~mogul/dulcin.pdf