Immunologist

I don't think this question is worth any place in a scientific forum as DNA can not support anything else than evolution if we speak of science. At the moment you put the word "god", "design" or whatever of the sort, you do not speak of science (no more you are speaking of intelligence if you speak of religion). Your question is DEEPLY BAD as DNA is a molecule and does not support or infers anything. But it is used in evolutionary processes if it is what you wanted to know. Now your question is: Are the changes made to DNA supporting evolution? YES. Plate some pure, DNA-sequenced bacterias on an agar plate with antibiotics and look at evolution happening with the emergence of resistant bacterias. Now take their DNA, sequence it, figure out what was the mutation and understand how it affected the proteins so that they no more die of the antibiotics. Wanna test evolution further more? Sequence the DNA of all those ones who did not survive: you end up with an enormous amount of loosers with all different mutations that did not work! Please think rational with everything in its proper position: DNA has no will.

the problem is not the extra H+, but the extra CO2 that will transform to HCO3-. This one also enters your equilibrium. If it was HCl... H+ would be buffered and Cl- would form a salt and re-equilibrate the equation, no? Wow... this is quite far for me though, I don't want to lead you to something wrong...

At 99%, it is 53 celsius deg http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/cgi-bin/hsrun/Suite7/Suite/HAHTpage/Suite.HsSigmaAdvancedSearch.formAction'>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/cgi-bin/hsrun/Suite7/Suite/HAHTpage/Suite.HsSigmaAdvancedSearch.formAction When looking for such info, look at the MSDS of the product, it is the Material Safety Data Sheet, delivered by producers of the product. Sigma-Aldrich produces almost anything (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com) Good Luck!

Ok, yeah, in fact, sounds confusing... But, read your sentence as follow: A buffer system can not buffer the addition of one of its component. Now for the explanation. Imagine your context of carbonic acid (H2CO3)and bicarbonate (NaHCO3, that gives HCO3-). H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3- If you add one of these constituants, you are changing the equilibrium of the equation and therefore changing the pH of the solution. Only if you add different acids that you provide only H+ or OH- then you can buffer them because their H+ or OH- will taken and buffered while their radical (other part of the molecule) will form a salt and not enter the equation. More details: http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Buffer/Buffer.html Hope I helped!

Ok, first, yes bacteriophages can be used to cure diseases. But mostly, they are used in topic agents (on the skin) to kill bacterias that would infect open wounds. In the glorious time of USSR, a dried powder made out of dehydrated (not killed) bacteriophages was of common usage among the soldiers to apply on wounds and prevent infection. Second, as bacteriophages kill bacterias,we DO NOT have to engineer them to do this job. They will NOT infect human. The reason why we don't inject them in the blood or other is because they could create an immune response as they are made out of proteins. Third. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is in fact the flesh-eating bacteria. Fourth. This story of injecting E.coli into a brain tumor is quite dubious, although not impossible. But if it worked (reduced the tumor size), it has more to do with the very robust immune response that occured after this injection. The engaged immune response would have been strong and therefore also "noticed" the tumor and start attacking it. I think it answer every questions for the moment. See you!

Actually, I think with a buffer, you would kill your cells. But if your protein (or molecule) is negatively charged, you could get it in by electroporation, just like in DNA transfection.

Ok, first answer: A temperature-sensitive mutant is a mutant bearing a change in amino acid (in a specific protein). This change result in the instability of a protein at high temperature. For example, if you remove an amino acid that was allowing a solid intra-protein bound, at high temperature, the protein will be denatured because of this missing link. Second, you can also create "conditional mutants". They are mutant where you need to add a reagent (an antibiotic for example) so that a gene is expressed. Hope it helps.