Genecks

Request it electronically. I seem to get things within 24 to 48 hours that way. Anyway, isn't this the article? http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.233 Oh... *snickers* Maybe I'm able to read the full article?

In terms of mixing enamel with bone growth, I don't think that's going to work. As mentioned already, breaking the bones and the repair process often makes them stronger. I'm not sure if Dr. Josef Mengele actually released his papers in relation to the breaking and repair process. For an alternative measure, I'm guess that you'd have to determine the varying structural engineering of the skeletal system and learn what makes it strong in terms of physical and chemical constraints: in general, the dynamics of the organic and inorganic substances. From there, make it stronger while keeping the biomechanics of the organism the same. Still, it would take time to discover the varying skeletal engineering aspects among the spectrum of species with bones. Sure, it's mostly related to developmental biology, but to change developmental biology would mean changing the organism from the beginning, such as using genetic engineering. Perhaps there would be a way to control to repair process after breakage in order to make an usual repair that makes the skeletal structure much more structurally rugged than before, but I suspect that would be an incredibly painful and time-consuming process.

So, in terms of leeches, they break down the globin protein and use that for energy? They must have curiously evolved brains if they really aren't working too much off glucose. I'm guessing the blood cells are not broken down an the amino acids converted into sugars.

How exactly do obligatory hematophagous organisms that undergo hematophagy use blood to energize themselves? Is it the plasma they are drinking? What kind of metabolism do these creatures have? Is it the Kreb's cycle they are working off of or something else? And can we expect a radically different iron metabolism in them?

Hey, what's wrong with my table. Scroll down. Yeah, I'm talking to you (if you know BBCode). Text like this means I'm wearing my tinfoil hat. Text like this means I'm wearing my tinfoil hat. [rainbow]Somewhere over the rainbow[/rainbow] <object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7EWpYvX29o&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7EWpYvX29o&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object> [ta] Net income $0.00 Profit 12393000.00 Expenses 12393000.00 [/ta]

I expected to see a better transportation infrastructure in the United States. It really did not happen to the degree I desire. I think a better transportation system would have helped reduce the pressures of the oncoming economic recession. Not every place in America has a metra, amtrak, subway, and/or elevated train for people to commute. Many people in places continue to rely on buses to transport them to other locations. It seems as though there was a larger influence on communication systems rather than transportation systems. It is somewhat easier to figure out the bus times via the Internet.

Thank you for replying, iNow. I would like to state that I understand there are electronic translators and online translators (non-human). One of the main things about the article I'm talking about is that it couldn't be easily translated, as the language did not use characters from the English alphabet or a variant of the Roman system. If I remember correctly, the ability to copy and paste characters into an electronic translator was not possible. Perhaps some OCR program would have helped, but I doubt it could have done a decent job.

My mind ascended to a new level after a night of sleep and considered that GFP is a protein, and probably would not be easily used in southern blot analysis unless the GFP has a nice complementary nucleotide sequence to adhere to the nucleotide sequence it will attach to. Furthermore, it's molecular structure might actually cause it to have difficulty with adhering if it did have that nucleotide sequence (I'm not sure about that). However, since my main interest is usage of GFP or something similar, then I suspect a Western blot, as you say, may be of more interest. Thanks, CharonY.

Let's say I find a science article that is written in a foreign language. How do I go about getting it translated to a decent amount? I found one recently that involved the metabolism of puffer fish in relation to TTX. I am not adept in the language it was written in, so I could not read it. I am assuming there would be difficulties with using a simple online translator. Perhaps there would be jargon that would not easily translate, and perhaps key details would not be brought out from such an electronic translator. Furthermore, I'm assuming that even a native in the language might not be able to bring out all of the details, unless he or she has a general background in science and can slightly grasp what kind of things the article is talking about. So, has anyone run into such a situation? How does a person go about getting a science article translated?

- Improvements in Wikipedia - Better storage and resolution with digital cameras - Bigger and more connected GNU/Linux communities - Advances toward digital submission of documents - Advances in accessing documents through digital databases I think what is interesting is that we have seen throughout the 2000s the rise and fall of many Internet communities. Some have survived, while others have died. Some of us have seen how governments (and their private parts) will play into taking down Internet communities. One could say that we have begun to see how far we can stretch communication in the Internet realm. In general, however, people have established communities that keep the idea of an "information highway" alive.

Truthfully, I just wanna see the pretty colors. But on a more serious note, does anyone know where I can find a picture of green fluorescent protein or some fluorescent tag being used during southern blot analysis? The southern blot wiki page says this (bold, underline section of most relevance to thread): "The membrane is then exposed to a hybridization probe—a single DNA fragment with a specific sequence whose presence in the target DNA is to be determined. The probe DNA is labelled so that it can be detected, usually by incorporating radioactivity or tagging the molecule with a fluorescent or chromogenic dye. In some cases, the hybridization probe may be made from RNA, rather than DNA. To ensure the specificity of the binding of the probe to the sample DNA, most common hybridization methods use salmon or herring sperm DNA for blocking of the membrane surface and target DNA, deionized formamide, and detergents such as SDS to reduce non-specific binding of the probe." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_blot I tried looking, but I really couldn't find anything... I see plenty of autoradiograms, but I haven't really come across something that involves GFP. Maybe this is fluorescently tagged? It's from the VNTR wiki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNTR): If anyone knows of an article or some image, I'd appreciate it. It doesn't really have to be southern blot (north and west are fine), but I'd appreciate if it were.

I'm thinking our advances in biofuel technology and materials from biological organisms (corn into plastic) will be one of the more important things that came out of the last decade.

I vote that we create a stickied thread about the space ending vs. not ending debate. The first post should be detailed giving a basic reading to a more advanced reading.

The Matrix is a prison for the mind.

Why do cleaner shrimp clean? Probably some genetic basis occurs, thus influencing to cats to clean themselves. I suspect their domestication throughout generations has degenerated their various biological functions to breakdown dirt, bacteria, and other junk, which could lead to their puking and whatnot. My guess is the behavior sprung by a genetic basis continues despite domestication. I suspect you could examine various species, test for a biochemical pathway and neurological influence that causes various species to clean, and perhaps track it down to a genetic basis. Maybe using smaller model organisms (flies) and then attempting to find similar things within higher organisms (cleaner shrimps, etc., cats?).

In the past year, I've come across a new hypothesis that states that the kinetochore is responsible for the pulling feature that occurs in anaphase. If I remember how the experiment to prove such a theory occurred, what happened was that the tublin proteins that attach from the centromere to the kinetochore were fluorescently labeled. From there, a laser was shined across a band of the kinetochore to see which part of the protein chain was shortening. It was found that the kinetochore is moving toward the centromere and the centromere is not pulling at all. Thus, this suggested that the kinetochore is somehow chewing up the tubulin like a person eating a person of licorice. Analogy: A person holds the licorice in a static position with the hand (centromere extending chain) and the person's head with jaw and eating force (chromosome with kinetochore) moves down the chain and eats it (the chromosome's kinetochore eats the licorice and moves toward the hand). What are all of your thoughts on this? Is the theory of breakdown of tublin by the kinetochore feasible, thus no pull force is created by the centromere?

I have decided that I will disagree with you. Yes, that's a diagram of mitosis. Yes, there are many diagrams of meiosis. I think my question is a little beyond high school biology, though. DNA is composed of nucleotides and a sugar-phosphate backbone. Chromatin holds histones and DNA. I'm going to define chromosomes as partitions of chromatin. And from what I've been reading in the past few hours, it would appear that condensin I and II tend to be aligned amongst various parts of the chromatin, and during cell division, they will package the chromatin into chromsomes (chromosome condensation). This is for when the nuclear envelope breaks apart and when chromosomes are turning back into chromatin. Also, I'm getting the impression that my answer can simply not be provided, because current research is attempting to answer my question. In other words, it would appear that the cyclin-CDK complex causes the cell to divide and nuclear envelope to shatter, but the condensin factor causes the chromatin to be partitioned into various chromosomes, which then undergo metaphase, anaphase, and so on. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensin

Shapes don't exist out of theory. You could do that whole point in space vs. circle thing, though.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_State_theory

Are you saying that chromatin does not use condensin I and II factors to form chromosomes?

Let's say that two parents mate: Parent 1: A/A Parent 2: a/a Independent segregation occurs. The child is A/a. Child inherits a rare and unique heterozygous disorder, which codes for laser eyes and he has to wear red sunglasses for the rest of his life. Now, this child's germ cells undergo meiosis. The nuclear envelope shatters, and the DNA forms into chromosomes. The kid will have 23 chromosomes, but the DNA is going to get packages into chromosomes. Scientists have been researching the kids chromosomes and notice that the gene for it is located on chromosome 15. Now, the DNA has to get sliced and diced and put into various chromosomes, right? Am I wrong here? Various chromosomes contain different DNA data from the individual's genome. All of which compose the entire genome? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome#Information_content So, how do the individuals alleles (one inherited from each parent) in the chromosome (one on each chromatid, since they are independent) know how to form and distance themselves in the composition of the chromosome?

Not what I'm necessarily trying to get at. What I'm trying to understand is what biochemical actions (perhaps a simplification) cause the DNA to unravel and package into chromosomes. Furthermore, what makes sure that certain parts of genetic information get into those exact chromosomes? I'm not asking about what causes cell division. I think that's the cyclin-cdk complex or something... Maybe that only applies to mitosis. Either way, I'm on about what chemical processes decided to cut-up the DNA and package it to their respective and designated chromosomes. For instance, what makes sure that particular sections of DNA get into an autosomal chromosome versus a sex chromosome in a human? That question is off from my original question but related. Perhaps I am not asking well enough.

Let's say gametes are being made. How exactly does the big bundle of spaghetti know where to break apart so that complementary homologous chromosomes can be formed and meiosis begun? I'm guessing something unravels the chromatin (HDACs, right?), but what splits it apart in exact positions so that the varying amount of chromosomes can be made to pair up?

So, could we say that in a closed system that H20 does not dissociate?

If so, I don't remember replying that the floating island should have chaos emeralds on it.